Warming up
1. Make a/no/some difference 有作用，关系，影响
The rain didn’t make much difference to the game. 这场雨对比赛没多大影响。
Your age shouldn’t make any difference to whether you get the job or not. 你能否得到工作与你的年龄无关。
Changing schools made a big difference to my life. 转学对我的一生有重大影响。
I don’t think it makes a lot of difference what color it is. 我认为颜色无关紧要。
2. undertake(undertook，undertaken) vt．承担 ，从事，负责；（允诺，答应 undertake to do ）
例：He undertook the difficult task willingly．他欣然承担那项困难的工作。
1 will undertake the responsibility for you．我会为你负起责任。
He undertook to finish the job by Friday. 他答应星期五或之前完成这项工作。
Speaking
3. There is no doubt that． 毫无疑问 ．．
例：There is no doubt that our team will win．我队获胜是毫无疑问的。
I don't doubt that we will win the game．(否定句用that)我不怀疑我们将会赢得这场比赛。
Do you doubt that he has passed the final examination ? (疑问句用that)你怀疑他已通过期末考试了吗?
I doubt whether he is the best man for the job．(肯定句用whether)我怀疑他是否是担任那项工作的最适当人选。
Reading
4. imagine 用法 (imagine (sb) doing, imagine that …. )
5. promising (形) 有希望的，有前途的，前途光明的
例：a promising actress有前途的女演员
6. give up
7. dream of /about /that
8. hope for / to do /that
9. There didn't seem much point in working on my PhD-I didn't expect to survive that long
取得博士学位对我来说没有什么意义，我没有期望活那么久。
1）PhD(Doctor of Philosophy ) 指“博士学位”
2）There is no point in doing sth．表示“做某事没有作用或没有意义”。
例：There is no point in arguing further． 继续争执下去没有意义了。
There is no point in protesting．It won’t help much．抗议没有什么用处，于事无补。
Expect 预料，预计，期待，盼望；期望 常用搭配：expect (sb) to do, expect that
3）Survive vi. 生存，存活 vt. 幸存，挺过，艰难度过
She was the last surviving member of the family. 她是这家人中仅存的一员。
Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived. 因车祸受伤的6人中， 只有2人幸存。
The company managed to survive the crisis. 公司设法度过了危机。
Many birds didn’t survive the severe winter. 许多鸟死于这次严冬。
4）that在此处为副词，意为“那么”，可以修饰形容词。
例：I didn't expect he was that rude． 我没料到他会那么粗鲁。
10. In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jan Wilde．事实上，事情发展得还挺顺利。我和一位非常好的女孩简怀尔得订婚了。
get／be engaged to sb．“与某人订婚”
Did you hear they have got engaged last month? 你有没有听说他们上个月订婚的消息?
Be engaged in(on)+n．／doing sth．从事(工作)的，忙于……的
例：She was engaged in protecting wild birds．她从事保护野生鸟类的工作。
He is now engaged on his second novel. 他正埋头写他的第二部小说。
be engaged (电话等)通话中的，占线中的，相当于美国英语的busy．
例：The line／number is engaged。线路被占用。
engagement n．订婚(to)
例：announce one's engagement to…宣布与…订婚
break off one's engagement解除婚约，解约
engagement ring订婚戒指(戴在左手无名指上)
11. Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．从那时起，霍金就继续寻求关于宇宙特征的问题的答案。
seek+(for after)+名词 搜寻，寻找；寻求，探求；追求
例：They sought shelter from the rain．他们找寻避雨的地方。
He found it worthless to seek fame．他发现追求名声是不值得的。
We must seek (for) a solution to the problem 我们必须寻求解决问题的方法。
Seek to do 试图，设法
They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protester. 他们迅速设法远离抗议者。
12. Scientists，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．
霍金写到，从另一个方面说，科学家知道他们的工作是永无止境的，即使是最完美的理论，也可能是错误的。
Turn out to be“结果是”“最后的情况是”+副／+形／+to do／+that．．
The weatherman said it was going to rain this afternoon but it turned out to be very lovely．天气预报说今天下午有雨，其实今天天气非常好。
Despite our worries everything turned out well. 尽管我们很担心， 一切都很顺利。
The lecture turned out to be very dull．讲座结果很无聊。
The rumor turned out (to be) true．那谣言后来证明是真的。
It turned out (that) two travelers had been killed 后来证实(查明)有两位旅客丧生。
turn out vt. (可分开用 ) 生产 (产品)，出产
The factory can turn out l000cars a day． 这家工厂一天能生产1000辆汽车。
13. observe vt.观察，看到，注意到
She has observed the stars all her life. 她一生观察星体。
They observed the thief stealing /steal the money. 他们看见这个小偷偷了钱。（observe sb do /doing sth.）
vt. 遵守（规则，法律等）
language study
14. use sth up 用光
Making soup is a good way of using up leftover vegetables. 把剩下的蔬菜全部用来做汤是个好主意。
Integrating skills
15. Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．
每个人都有自己的专长和兴趣，只有发现自己的专长，我们才能期望达到自己的目标，真正与众不同。
Only修饰介词短语或从句时，要求倒装。
例：Only at that time did I realize its importance． 直到那时我才意识到它的重要性。
Only in this way can you make progress in your English study． 只有这样你才能在英语学习上取得进步。
Only修饰主语时，通常置于主语之前。
例：Only you understand me．只有你了解我。
Only修饰主语以外时，通常置于动词之前(有be动词、助动词时，则置于其后)
例：She only eats vegetables．她只吃蔬菜。
I only lent you the money．那笔钱我只是借给你(不是给你)。
He only works when he’s got homework． 他只在有家庭作业时才做功课。
I’ve only seen him once． 我只见过他一次。
语法：不定式易错点
1） 不定式动词在介词but，except，后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
例如： She could do nothing but cry．她只会哭了。
I have no choice but to go．我不得不走。
2）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：
He is looking for a room to live in ． 他在找一个房间住。
There is nothing to worry about． 无什么可担心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with． 请给我把刀子来切东西。
3）当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。试比较：
A)Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式tosend的动作执行者是you)
B)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else)
4）不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。
Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗?
5）不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。
I have got a letter to write． 我有封信要写。
He needs a room to live in． 他需要间屋子住。
6）不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people．例如：
He is hard to talk to．很难跟他交谈。
The book is difficult to understand．这本书很难懂。
但如果强调句中的受事者时，亦可用不定式被动句。例如：
The handwriting is very difficult to be read． 这字太难认读了。
The box is to heavy to be lifted． 这箱子太重举不起来。
7）在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。
There is a lot of work to do． (Somebody has to do the work．)
There is a lot of work to be done．(The work has to be done．)
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：
There is nothing to do．意为无事可做，感到十分乏味。
There is nothing to be done．意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。
Unit 1 知识清单
Warming up
1. Make a/no/some difference 意义是什么？
The rain didn’t make much difference to the game.
Your age shouldn’t make any difference to whether you get the job or not.
Changing schools made a big difference to my life.
I don’t think it makes a lot of difference what color it is.
2. undertake过去式和过去分词形式是什么？两个常用意思是什么？
例：He undertook the difficult task willingly．
1 will undertake the responsibility for you．
He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
3. There is no doubt（毫无疑问 ．．） 后面的同位语从句的连词是什么？．
There is no doubt_______ our team will win．我队获胜是毫无疑问的。
I don't doubt_______we will win the game．(否定句用_______)我不怀疑我们将会赢得这场比赛。
Do you doubt_______ he has passed the final examination ? (疑问句用that)你怀疑他已通过期末考试了吗?
I doubt_______ he is the best man for the job．(肯定句用_______)我怀疑他是否是担任那项工作的最适当人选。
Reading
4. imagine 用法是什么？
5. promising (形) 是什么意思？
例：a promising actress
6. give up是什么意思？
7. dream 常用搭配有哪些？
8. hope for / to do /that 分别是什么意思？
9。 PhD(Doctor of Philosophy ) 指“__________”
10. There is no point in doing sth．表示“__________”。
例：There is no point in arguing further．
There is no point in protesting．It won’t help much．
11. Expect 有哪些意思？ 常用搭配有哪些？
12. Survive vi. ________ vt. _________________
She was the last surviving member of the family.
Of the six people injured in the crash, only two survived.
The company managed to survive the crisis.
Many birds didn’t survive the severe winter.
13. There didn't seem much point in working on my PhD-I didn't expect to survive that long 这里that 用法是什么？
14. get／be engaged to sb．意思是“_____________”； 而 Be engaged in(on)+n．／doing sth．意思是_____________________.
Did you hear they have got engaged last month?
例：She was engaged in protecting wild birds．
He is now engaged on his second novel.
be engaged (电话等________________，相当于美国英语的busy．
engagement n． (to) 是什么意思？
例：announce one's engagement to; break off one's engagement; engagement ring
15. seek+(for after)+名词 意思是什么？
例：They sought shelter from the rain．
He found it worthless to seek fame．
We must seek (for) a solution to the problem
Seek to do 意思是什么？
They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protester. 他们迅速设法远离抗议者。
16. Turn out to be+副／+形／+to do／+that．．是什么意思？
The weatherman said it was going to rain this afternoon but it turned out to be very lovely．
Despite our worries everything turned out well.
The lecture turned out to be very dull．
The rumor turned out (to be) true．
It turned out (that) two travelers had been killed
turn out vt. 还有什么意思？
The factory can turn out l000cars a day． 这家工厂一天能生产1000辆汽车。
17. observe vt. 意思是_____________ 作为感官动词常用的搭配是_________
She has observed the stars all her life.
They observed the thief stealing /steal the money.
vt. ______________ 如：observe the law
18. use sth up 意思是___________
Making soup is a good way of using up leftover vegetables.
19. only 在句子中的位置一般在哪里？另外，只要在句首就倒装吗？
20. 语法：不定式易错点
1） 不定式动词在介词but，except后面时，要注意哪些问题？
例如： She could do nothing but cry．
I have no choice but to go．
2）研究以下例句，说出做定语的不定式需要注意的问题。
He is looking for a room to live in ． 他在找一个房间住。
There is nothing to worry about． 无什么可担心的。
Please give me a knife to cut with． 请给我把刀子来切东西。
3）试比较下面的例句，它们在意义上有什么区别？
A)Have you anything to send?
B)Have you anything to be sent?
4）不定式修饰的名词或代词经常用主动形式还是被动形式？
如：Have you got a key to unlock the door?
I have got a letter to write．
He needs a room to live in．
6）不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式还是被动形式？
如： He is hard to______．A talk to B be talked with 很难跟他交谈。
The book is difficult to． A understand B be understood 这本书很难懂。
7）在there be结构中，to do 做定语要注意些什么？
There is a lot of work to do． (Somebody has to do the work．)
There is a lot of work to be done．(The work has to be done．)
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：
There is nothing to do．
There is nothing to be done．
I. Listening & Speaking
1. How does nature form a danger to people in the world and how can science help reduce that threat?
Reduce 1)vt.(数量；力量等)减小；缩小；降低价格 She reduced her weight by 5 kg.
2)使成为（多用于被动语态，且与to连用） The house was reduced to ashes.
He was reduced to begging.
2. scare/frighten sb. 使某人害怕 be scared/ frightened/ afraid of sb./ sth. 害怕某人/某物
a scared/ frightened face/ look/ eyes充满恐惧的脸/神色/眼神（此人感到害怕）
a scaring/ frightening face/look/ eyes吓人的脸/神色/眼神（令别人害怕）
be scared/ frightened to death吓得要死
拓展 terrifying/terrified (可怕的/感到害怕的) exciting/excited （令人激动的/激动的）
surprising/surprised（令人吃惊的/吃惊的） moving/moved （使人感动的/感动的）
touching/touched （使人感动的/感动的） puzzling/puzzled （使人迷惑的/迷惑的）
3. It makes my hair stand on end.
stand on end直立，竖着 on end 1)直立；竖直地
It will fit if you lift it on end.如果把它竖着就合适了
2）连续的；继续的
He sat there for hours on end. It has been snowing on end for a week.
II. Reading
1. attract/ draw sb’s attention 引起某人的注意
attract/ draw sb’s attention to将某人的注意力吸引到…上去
pay attention to/ give one’s attention to注意… call sb’s attention to叫某人注意…
bring sth. to sb’s attention使某人注意…
2 sight 1)景象，景物, 场景, 景观 a beautiful sight美丽的景象 a sad sight悲惨的场景
2) 风景，名胜（人工造的景色, 常用复数） see the sights游览名胜see the sights of the West Lake.观赏西湖风景
3)视觉，视力 lose one's sight 失明 have long/far sight远视 have short/near sight近视
have good/poor sight视力好/差 have one’s sight tested视力检查
4) 看，观望；观览at first sight 一见就..., 初次看见时at the sight of一看见…就... catch /have/ gain/ get sight of突然瞥见
5) 视野，眼界 be in sight可看得见的，在视线内out of sight看不见的，在视线之外 be/ go /get out of sight看不见了lose sight of 看不见...了
scene 1）自然景色，风景The scene is a perfect dream when you see the sun rising slowly in the east.
2）眼前的情景，景象（包括人及活动在内）The scene after the earthquake was horrible.地震后的场景十分可怕。
There is a happy scene of children playing in the garden.孩子们在花园里玩耍，好一派欢乐的景象。
3）现场，出事地点a crowd at the scene of the accident在出事地点的人群
4）场所，地点What's new on the film scene?电影院演什么新片？
5）（戏剧）场景，布景
view 1）常指从某处可以看到的自然景色 It's a room with a view. You'll like it. There is a lovely view from this window
2）a point of view观点
scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色。不可数 。
I hope one day I will have a long holiday and go to a far-away village to enjoy the beautiful scenery.
3. awake vt.(awoke,awaked) 唤起,叫醒；提醒,启发；激起,激发 awake sb.'s sympathy唤起某人的同情心
adj. [用作表语,补语] 醒着的;意识到 be broad /wide awake完全醒着;完全知道, 充分觉察到 (be sound asleep酣睡)
awake to 明白, 认识或意识到
It took her some to awake to the dangers of her situation.过了一段时间她才意识到她处境的危险
4 at hand在手边；在跟前 Help was at hand. 援助近在咫尺
keep sth. at hand把某物放在手边 have sth. at hand手头上有某物
give sb. a hand with sth.在某方面帮某人 be made by hand手工制作的
5。There was no way out except by boat.
way out（克服困难的）办法，出路
find a way out找到出路 help sb. out （of）帮助某人摆脱（…）麻烦
6.escape 常见搭配：escape doing , a narrow escape
7. urge sb. to do sth.= urge sb. into doing sth =urge that sb. (should) do sth. 极力劝/主张/催促/怂恿某人做某事
①他们怂恿我吃那些奇怪的食物。 They urged me to eat the strange food.
②他力劝我们忍耐是必要的。 He urged us on the necessity of patience.
③他主张我向她道歉。 He urged that I (should ) apologize to her.
8. on/ upon arrival一到就
on/ upon one’s arrival at/ in sp= on/ upon arriving at/ in sp 某人一到某地就
on/ upon doing sth.在做某事时，当某事发生时，一做某事就
immediately 立即，马上（at once）
When she heard the good news she came immediately. 一听到好消息，她立刻就来了。
“一……就….”表达法： immediately/ instantly… the moment, instant, minute, second… hardly/scarcely (no sooner)…when (than)…
Immediately he returned from the USA, he began to prepare for a company. 他一从美国回来就开始准备开公司
III. Integrating skills
1. knock about/ around（口语）漫游；闲逛
knock against / on sth 撞，碰；knock into; knock out of;
2. be up发生；出事 What's up怎么了, 发生什么啦? What's up to sb.?某人怎么了, 发生什么啦?
be up to1）胜任, 适于 be up to one’s work胜任某人的工作
2）从事于，忙于，做（坏事）What in the world are you up to?你到底在搞什么鬼？
3）It’s up to sb. to do sth.该由/轮到某人做某事，做某事取决于某人
The success of this project is up to us.这个项目的成败取决于我们
4）（数目）到…之多 up to 100 men可达一百人
up to直到 up to now/ then知道现在/那时
3. do for sb./ sth. “破坏, 使…失败.”
1) The spelling mistake in the exam did for him.
2) The factory will be done for it if capital can’t arrive in fifteen days.
若资金不能在十五天内到位，工厂就完了。
do for “ 设法弄到” 常用于how , what 开头的疑问句中.
eg. How did you do for food when you were in the desert?
Unit 10 Frightening nature
I. Listening & Speaking
1. How does nature form a danger to people in the world and how can science help reduce that threat?
Reduce 1)vt._______________ She reduced her weight by 5 kg.
2)使成为（多用于被动语态，且与to连用）
The house was reduced to ashes. He was reduced to begging.
2. scare/frighten sb. 使某人害怕 be scared/ frightened/ afraid of sb./ sth. 害怕某人/某物
a scared/ frightened face/ look/ eyes_______________
a scaring/ frightening face/look/ eyes_______________
be scared/ frightened to death_______________
拓展 terrifying/terrified (_______________) exciting/excited （_______________）
surprising/surprised（_______________） moving/moved （_______________）
touching/touched （_______________） puzzling/puzzled （_______________）
exercise:
(1.)__the big snake, the girl stood under the tree___.
A. Seeing ;frightened B. Seeing ; frightening C. Seen; frightened D. To see; frightening
(2.)The movie was so___that I was___.
A. moving; moved B. moved; moved C. moved; moving D. moving; moving
3. It makes my hair stand on end. stand on end直立，竖着
on end 1) _______________ It will fit if you lift it on end.
2）_______________ He sat there for hours on end. It has been snowing on end for a week.
II. Reading
1. sight 1)景象，景物, 场景, 景观 a beautiful sight美丽的景象 a sad sight悲惨的场景
2) 风景，名胜（人工造的景色, 常用复数） see the sights_______________see the sights of the West Lake. _______________
3)视觉，视力 lose one's sight _________ have long/far sight_______ have short/near sight_______
4) 看，观望；观览at first sight _________at the sight of_________. catch /have/ gain/ get sight of_________
5) 视野，眼界 be in sight_________out of sight_________ be/ go /get out of sight_________lose sight of _________
scene 1）自然景色，风景The scene is a perfect dream when you see the sun rising slowly in the east.
2）眼前的情景，景象（包括人及活动在内）The scene after the earthquake was horrible.
There is a happy scene of children playing in the garden.
3）现场，出事地点a crowd at the scene of the accident
4）场所，地点What's new on the film scene?
5）（戏剧）场景，布景
view 1）常指从某处可以看到的自然景色 It's a room with a view. You'll like it. There is a lovely view from this window
2）a point of view观点
scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色。不可数 。
I hope one day I will have a long holiday and go to a far-away village to enjoy the beautiful scenery.
2. awake vt.(awoke, awaken) 唤起,叫醒；提醒,启发；激起,激发 awake sb.'s sympathy唤起某人的同情心
adj. [用作表语,补语] 醒着的;意识到 be broad /wide awake_________ (be sound asleep酣睡)
awake to 明白, 认识或意识到
It took her some to awake to the dangers of her situation.
3 at hand_________________ Help was at hand. _________
keep sth. at hand_________ have sth. at hand_________give sb. a hand with sth. _________ be made by hand_________
4。There was no way out except by boat.
way out_________
find a way out找到出路 help sb. out （of）帮助某人摆脱（…）麻烦
5.escape 常见搭配：escape doing , a narrow escape
6. urge sb. to do sth.= urge sb. into doing sth =urge that sb. (should) do sth. 极力劝/主张/催促/怂恿某人做某事
They urged me to eat the strange food. He urged us on the necessity of patience.
He urged that I (should ) apologize to her.
7. on/ upon arrival_________
on/ upon one’s arrival at/ in sp= on/ upon arriving at/ in sp 某人一到某地就
on/ upon doing sth.在做某事时，当某事发生时，一做某事就
immediately 立即，马上（at once）
When she heard the good news she came immediately. 一听到好消息，她立刻就来了。
“一……就….”表达法：_________; _________; _________; _________
Immediately he returned from the USA, he began to prepare for a company. 他一从美国回来就开始准备开公司
III. Integrating skills
1. knock about/ around（口语）_________
knock against / on sth 撞，碰；knock into; knock out of;
4. be up_________ What's up怎么了, 发生什么啦? What's up to sb.?某人怎么了, 发生什么啦?
be up to1）_________ be up to one’s work胜任某人的工作
2）_________ What in the world are you up to?你到底在搞什么鬼？
3）It’s up to sb. to do sth. _________ The success of this project is up to us.
4）_________ up to 100 men
5) up to_________ up to now/ then_________
2. do for sb./ sth. “_________.”
1) The spelling mistake in the exam did for him.
2) The factory will be done for if capital can’t arrive in fifteen days.
do for “ 设法弄到” 常用于how , what 开头的疑问句中.
eg. How did you do for food when you were in the desert?
语法：省略句与高考
省略句在高考中的体现：
1. --- Go for a picnic this weekend, OK?
--- ______. I love getting close to nature.(福建)
A. I couldn’t agree more B. I’m afraid not C. I believe not D. I don’t think so
2. --- Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer ?
--- _______? (2004 全国I 卷) A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
3. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (2004天津高考)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
4. Unless ______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (上海春季高考)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
5. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if____ whether he was going in the right direction. （20北京春季）
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
6. Though ______ money, his parents managed to send him to university. ( 年上海高考)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
7. When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year. ( 上海春季高考)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
8. He made another wonderful discovery, ____ of great importance to science. ( 上海高考)
A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think itD. I think is
9. If ________ the same treatment again, he is sure to get well. (上海高考)
A. giving B. give C. given D. being given
10.--- Alice, why didn't you come yesterday ?
---I ________, but I had an unexpected visitor. (NMET）
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
Key:1-5. AABAD 6-10. CAACC
在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用“省略句”，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。
一、在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
二、在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be,省略之后,变成过去分词短语作定语。
9. -You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
- ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春)
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春)
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that
三、在感官动词或短语中
在see，watch，hear，feel，observe，notice，listen to等感官动词或短语及make，have，let等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中，不定式前省略to；有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号；不定式在tell，ask， advise， wish， permit， force等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to；不定式在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容词后面作状语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to。
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷)
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. -I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
-Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. -Does your brother intend to study German?
-Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. -Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
- ________ . (NMET 上海卷)
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't D. That's right
18. -You should have thanked her before you left.
-I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET 北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
四、在if引导的虚拟条件句中
在if引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had，were，should时，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. (NMET 1994上海卷) A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷)
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
五、在否定结构中
由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。
21. I will never know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷)
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
23. -I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible!
- ________ . (NMET 2004全国卷III)
A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I
Key:
1-5 BCDBA 6-10 AADCA 11-15 ABCBD 16-20 BBBBC 21-23 BCB
六. 不定式结构中的省略
在同一个句子或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,作宾语或补足语的不定式再次出现时,不定式符号to后面的内容常常被省略,只保留不定式符号to。常用于动词refuse, would like, would love, wish, want, hope, expect, intend以及形容词afraid, happy, glad, willing, ready等之后。
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案: A
注意:如果承前省略的不定式内容有be或作助动词的have时,不定式符号to后要保留be或have。
-Are you a farmer? -No, but I used to be.
七。替代省略
用it, one, that替代句子中重复出现的名词、代词或句子;用so, neither / nor引起的分句,表示前面的情况也适用于后者。
1. --- You haven’t lost the ticket, have you ?
--- ______. I know it’s not easy to get another one at the moment. (2004江苏高考)
A. I hope notB. Yes, I have C. I hope soD. Yes, I’m afraid so
2. --- The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they ?
--- ________. (2003北京春)
A. I guess not so B. I don’t guess C. I don’t guess soD. I guess not
3.--- I believe we’ve met somewhere before .
--- No, ________. (2000北京春)
A. it isn’t the same B. it can’t be trueC. I don’t think so D. I’d rather not
Key:1.A 2.D 3.C
简析 替代词so / not用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，代替肯定的名词性从句。可与动词believe , do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think 等及 I’m afraid连用。肯定时上列动词都可与so 搭配，否定时hope与guess 只用I hope not 和I guess not 形式，而think ,believe , suppose 等词可有两种否定形式 ，即：I think not 或I don’t think so.
例 --- Is he going to study abroad?
--- I believe so. ( so = he is going to study abroad )
We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ________ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
-I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! -________.
A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I
答案:① B ② B
八。 答语中的省略
1. 有时为了避免重复,可用so或that作替代语,替代前面所说的内容。可用于动词think, believe, hope, suppose, expect, guess, imagine以及be afraid, of course, certainly, perhaps等后面。
-You haven\'t lost the ticket, have you? -________. I know it\'s not easy to get another one at the moment.
A. I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, I\'m afraid so 答案: A
2. 含有情态动词的答语中可以使用省略回答,只保留情态动词;情态动词后有be或作助动词的have时,保留be或have。
-I don't mind telling you what I know. -You ________. I'm not asking you for it.
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn't 答案: D
3. 疑问句中的省略回答。
①-Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
-Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C. I D. me
②-What do you think made Mary so upset? -________ her bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 答案:① D ② C
4. 祈使句中的省略回答。
-Write to me when you get home. -________.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can 答案: C
九。 会话中的省略
例: 1.--- Guess what ! I came across an old friend at the party last night.
--- ______. I’m sure you had a wonderful time. (2004辽宁)
A. Sounds good! B. Very wellC. How nice !D. All right !
2.--- Let’s go and have a good drink tonight.
--- _____ Have you got the first prize in the competition? (2004重庆)
A. What for ? B. Thanks a lot .C. Yes, I’d like toD. Why not ?
3. ---Brad was Jane’s brother!
--- _____ he reminded me so much of Jane ! (2004浙江)
A. No doubtB. Above all C. No wonderD. Of course
4. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better ____ it -- you’ve got some big bills coming. (2004广东高考)
A. forgetB. forgotC. forgettingD. to forget
Key:1.C 2.A 3.C 4.A
简析省略在会话中广泛应用，解题时应按照问话或答语的具体内容补充完整, 做好该类题型一是要注意上下文语境，二是要注意常见句式的省略。英语中常见句式的省略有：
1.It is … (that…) 强调句式中that 部分省略。2.(It is) No wonder … ( 难怪…)
3.(Is there) Anything else ?
4.(You’d) Better do
5.have some difficulty( in) doing, prevent sb (from) doing sth 等词组中介词在口语中常省略
例:1.--- Where did you see him last night?
--- It was in the hotel ____ he stayed.
A. where B. that C. which D. /
2. You can’t imagine the great difficulty I had _____ your house.
A. finding B. found C. to find D. find key1.A2.A
简析第1题可以补全强调句式that 部分： It was in the hotel where he stayed that I saw him last night. hotel 后为定语从句。
第2题是对have difficulty in doing sth 词组置于定语从句的考查，介词in 的省略加大了该题的难度。
1. You'll attend the meeting and discuss the issue. 你将出席这个会议并讨论这个问题。
1) attend用作及物动词，意为“出席；参加; 上(学, 教堂)；陪伴”，用作不及物动词，构成下列短语：
attend on/upon服侍, 照料; 陪, 随从; attend to倾听, 注意, 留心
attend a meeting /lecture/school 出席会议/听演讲/上学
May good luck attend you! 祝你幸运!
2) n. issue 1)论点, 问题, the issue of something …的问题
raise an issue 提出问题complex issue 复杂问题sensitive issue 敏感问题
2) 出版, 发行, (报刊等)期、号, issue of
the January issue of Newsweek the current/latest issue Have you seen the latest issue?
3) [transitive]官方的发布命令，警告等
Silva issued a statement denying all knowledge of the affair.
attend，join，join in，take part in用法辨析：
(1) attend是正式用语，一般指参加会议、典礼、婚礼、葬礼及去听课、听报告等。
(2) join指加入某党派、某组织或某社会团体，以及参军等，还可表示参与某种活动。如：
(3) join in通常指参加某种活动，尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动。如：
(4) take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等，往往指参加者持有积极的态度，起一定作用，有时与join in可互换。如：
Will you take part in the English evening? 同我们一起参加英语晚会好吗？
如：a. I will never forget the day when I _______ the Party.
b. Will you_______ us for dinner? 请你和我们一起吃饭好吗？
c. May I _________ the game? 我可以参加这个游戏吗？
d. I hope you'll all ________ the discussion. 我希望你们大家都参加讨论。
e. Would you ____ (和我一起去散步)?
f. We should ____ (积极参加) school activities.
g. She didn't come to the party because she had to ____ (出席一个会议).
a. joined b. join c. join in/ take part in d. take part in/ join in e. join me in a walk f take an active part in g attend a meeting )
2．Summarize v.概述, 总结 The authors summarize their views in the introduction.
3. content: 1). n. 内容，目录 (常作 ~ s ) ; 容量，容积
the contents of a book a table of contents Look up the contents at the beginning of the book.
a bucket of more than usual content
2). Adj. 满足的，满意的
be content to do sth be content with sth content oneself with sth
He is quite content to watch TV for hours. I’m very content with my life at present.
As there’s no butter we must content ourselves with dry bread.
4．representative cn. 1）代表
a union representative 协会代表 representative of …的代表 an elected representative of the people
2） typical of a particular group or thing 典型的；有代表性的
representative of The latest incident is representative of a wider trend
a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希腊艺术代表作品集
5．have access to access用作名词，意为“通路；访问；接近；入门”，常与to连用。
1）have access to a car/a computer etc 有可供使用的车，电脑等
2） gain/get access (to something) t能够得以见到某人/某物或进入某地
The police managed to gain access through an upstairs window.
6．Violence 暴力
physical violence 身体暴力 domestic violence 家庭暴力 racial/ethnic violence 种族暴力 use/resort to violence 使用暴力
7．All too 意为“实在太… ” “太过… ” 后常接形容词或副词，主要用来表达遗憾之意。
Eg. It was all too early when we reached the top of the hill. The sun hasn’t risen yet.
Only too + adj./adv. 也含有此意。表示“极为”“非常”“遗憾地”
eg. I’d be only too pleased to help, but I’m busy now
8．Stress vt. 1)着重，强调 也可说为lay/place/put stress on sth 2) 重读
The report stressed that student math skills need to improve.
Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown.
She stressed the importance of a balanced diet.
The word 'machine' is stressed on the second syllable.
9．equality [uncountable] 同等，平等
equality of 。。。的平等，均等 All people have the right to equality of opportunity.
equality with 与…平等 Women have yet to achieve full equality with men in the workplace.
equality between 在… 之间的平等 equality between men and women
racial/sexual equality 种族/性别平等 The government must promote racial equality.
10．responsibility （plural responsibilities）1）un. 责任，责任感
Kelly's promotion means more money and more responsibility.
responsibility for (doing) something
The Minister will have responsibility for coordinating（调整）childcare policy.
with responsibility for something 具有，带有对… 的责任
a manager with responsibility for over 100 staff
it is somebody's responsibility to do something 做某事是某人的责任。
It's your responsibility to inform us of any changes.
take responsibility for (doing) something 负责某事
Who do you trust to take responsibility for Britain's defence?
Be careful you don't take on too much responsibility
claim responsibility (for something) 声称对… 负责
No one has yet claimed responsibility for yesterday's bombing.
11．take action 1) 采取行动 2）开始生效
The government must take action now to stop the rise in violent crime
They took action to stop him.
The police took action to deal with this thing immediately.
The medicine will not take action for several hours.
使用take 的其他短语
take notes: 作笔记，记录
Eg: Do you takes notes of the lectures?
He sat quietly in the corner taking notes carefully.
takes effect 开始起作用，见效，生效
The pill takes effect as soon as you swallow it.
take turns 轮流 take measures/steps 采取措施
take place 发生 take care 照顾
take medicine 吃药 take time从容进行 take cold感冒， 受凉， 伤风
take notice 注意 take sides 偏袒
12．willing to do something
How much are they willing to pay?
13. put an end to 结束，毁掉
Eg: Winning the competition put an end to his financial problems.
The discussion was put an end to by his sudden arrival.
The wind put an end to the pier.
Sth come to an end 结束了 make an end of终止, 结束, 除掉
bring sth to an end 结束, 完成, 终止
on end 1）直立，竖立 2）连续地 They argued for two hours on end
His hair stands on end.
14．harmony （plural harmonies）
in harmony with意为“与……和谐相处”、“与……协调”。如：
My cat and dog live in perfect harmony. 我的猫和狗相处得十分和睦。
We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment.
我们必须确保旅游的发展与环境相协调。
be out of harmony with与。。。 不相和谐
15. put an end to意为“结束”、“终结”。如：
How can we put an end to the fighting? 我们如何才能结束这场战斗呢？
16．wipe out phrasal verb 彻底的除掉，除去，抹去
Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
Nothing could wipe out his bitter memories of the past.
2）wipe somebody out 使某人感觉非常的疲劳 The heat had wiped us out.
17．alternative 1） [only before noun]选择性的, 二中择一的
alternative ways/approach/methods etc alternative approaches to learning
Have you any alternative suggestions?
2）Alternative cn. 可供选择的办法，事物。常指在两者之间做出选择。 choice 常指一般意义上的选择
alternative to Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
have no alternative but 除...外别无选择; 只有; 只好
I had no alternative but to report him to the police.
18．defend vt./vi. 保护，防卫
a struggle to defend our homeland
defend something against/from something 使某物免受侵害
the need to defend democracy against fascism（法西斯主义）
defend yourself (against/from somebody/something) 是某人免受侵害
advice on how women can defend themselves from sex attackers
defend against 抵抗，防卫 We need to defend against military aggression.
2）vt. 辩护 She was always defending her husband in front of their daughter.
Students should be ready to explain and defend their views.
19．Affect vt. 1)影响 2）感动
the areas affected by the hurricane a disease that affects the central nervous system
decisions which affect our lives We were all deeply affected by her death.
20．advise somebody to do something 建议某人做某事 advise doing ;
Evans advised him to leave London.
You are strongly advised to take out medical insurance when visiting China.
advise somebody against (doing) something 建议某人不做某事
I'd advise you against saying anything to the press.
advise that 接虚拟语气
Experts advise that sunscreen be reapplied every one to two hours.
warming up
1.aid n (1)帮助；援助 first aid 急救
(2)帮助者；有帮助的事物
An English-Chinese Dictionary is an important aid in learning the English. 一本英汉词典是学习英语的重要工具。
习惯用语 do/ give/ offer first aid to sb.对某人进行急救 go to sb’s aid援救某人
在某人的帮助下 with the aid of sb== with sb’s aid in aid of 支持，援助 raising fund in aid of the sick 募捐帮助病人 what's it all in aid of? 这是为了什么目的？
aid vt 帮助；援助 I aided him with money. 我资助了他。
help, assist, aid的区别
help, assist, aid这组动词同义词的相应名词分别为 help (helper)，assistance(assistant), aid, 它们都有“帮助”的意思。
（1）help和另外两个词的差别在于，help 含有比较强的“目的”意义。如果你失眠，服安眠药则有助于你入睡，这里包含着目的
A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs.
片刻之前，我妹妹帮我把我的一只旧书橱抬上了楼。
May I help you to some more meat? 让我再给你一些肉好吗？
…but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.……
但是他光忙着捞金刚石，顾不上感到疼痛了。
（2）assist从词源学角度讲，是“站在旁边”的意思，它清楚地包含着这种帮助只起着次要的作用
He assisted the professor in compiling the dictionary. 他帮助那位教授编了那本词典。
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
接待她的那个店员不喜欢她的打扮。
（3）aid含有接受帮助者因为弱小而需要帮助的意思。
The Red Cross often aids flood victims. 红十字会常常帮助受水灾的难民。
2.drown vt. , vi (1)把...淹死 (2)使湿透; 淹没; 浸湿 (3)消除(忧愁等); 解(闷) (4)使沉溺于; 使迷恋(in) (5)搀淡; 冲淡(饮料等); (加水)化开(生石灰); 往...里加太多的水
be [get] drowned淹死, 溺死; drown oneself投水(自杀); eyes drowned in tears泪汪汪的眼晴
drown one's cares in wine以酒解忧; be drowned in fishing对钓鱼入迷了
The cheers of the audience drowned the professor's voice. 听众的欢呼声淹没了这位教授的声音。
Don't drown my whisky. 不要在我的威士忌酒里加太多的水。
3.accident/ incident/ event
1). accident 指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的，有损害性的事故。
e.g. He was killed in a traffic accident.
注：accident为可数名词，前面可加不定冠词an,表示“一个”“一次”，习惯用语by accident为“偶然”，相当于by chance.
e.g. I met her in the street by accident, yet she had a bad accident three days ago.
我在大街上偶尔碰见过她，然而三天前她却遭遇了一场严重的事故。
2). incident 泛指不重要的事件，还可以指政治上有影响的重大事件。
e.g. I remember an incident that took place in Mr. Li’s class.我记得发生在李先生课上的一件事。
The Lugouqiao Incident broke out in July 7th, 1937. 1937年7月7日爆发了卢沟桥事变。
3). event 指重要事件，特别是有历史意义的重大事件
How to develop the western part of China well is an important event.如何开发好中国的西部是一项重要的活动。
4.choke vi, vt choked, choking (1)使窒息；闷死；使不能呼吸
The smoke from the stove almost choked me.炉子里发出的烟呛得我几乎透不过气来。
The madman choked his own child to death.疯子把他自己的孩子掐死了。
(2)塞住；堵塞；阻塞 The pipe was choked by cotton. 管子被棉花堵住了。
(3)（常与back连用）抑制，忍住（怒气、眼泪等）
5.catch fire: begin to burn be on fire: be burning
e.g. The house caught fire last night. The house is on fire.
注：catch fire 强调着火的动作，为瞬间动词词组，不可和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，无被动形式；be on fire 表静态，作表语或定语，可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
Ex: The forest caught fire last week. It is still on fire.
复习：1). set fire to sth./ set sth. on fire e.g. The robbers set fire to the bank after robbing.
2). play with fire 3). go through fire and water (for) 为…赴汤蹈火 4). be on fire for 对…充满热情
5). fire n. v. 着火，开枪，开除 (dismiss )
firework 烟火，烟火晚会 fireplace 火炉 fireman/fire fighter 消防员 fire escape 太平梯
6.container n. 容器 contain vt.包含，容纳 containment n. 包含
contain / include
e.g. The book contains 10 units. The book doesn’t include Unit 11.
Six were killed, including the boy. (连那小孩在内六人丧生。)
7.electrical adj. 电的，与电有关的 (of/ concerned with electricity)
electricity n.电流 electric adj. 发电的，使用电的 （using electrical power） electronic adj. 电子的
I want to buy an electric fan. （可不讲） This machine has an electrical fault. 这台机器有电器故障。
Reading
1.upside n.上边，上部 downside right side left side
upside-down adj/adv 1). 上下翻转过来 e.g. hold a book upside-down 倒拿着书
2). <口>乱七八糟的，毫无条理的 e.g. He has an upside-down way of doing things. 他做事毫无条理。
Burglars had turned the house upside-down.. 窃贼把房子翻得乱七八糟。
2.as if/ though
1)引导的从句如果是事实过可能性大，多用陈述语气。常于look, seem, taste, smell, sound,ect.搭配
e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain. It seems as if the boy has lost his way.
2)从句如果是主观想象或夸大比喻，与事实不合，常用虚拟语气。
e.g. He looks as if he were ill.（其实没病） He walks as if he were drunk. 他走路的样子象喝醉了。
He is a happy-go-luck(无忧无虑的) man as if he has no worries and cares in the world.
The young man with long hair looks as if he were a woman.
3.witness n. (1)(=eyewitness)目击者; (在法庭上经过宣誓的)证人 (2)[主要用于give witness, bear witness]证据, 证明; 证词 (3)[常省略定冠词]【律】连署人, 证人
a witness of the accident 事件的目击者;
These facts are a witness to his carelessness.这些事实证明了他的粗心。
She gave witness on behalf of the accused person.她替被告作证。
Witness vt. (1)亲眼看见, 目睹 (2)连署, 签名作证 (3)表明, 显示 (4)证明 (5)经历
She witnessed the accident.她亲眼看见该事故。 They witnessed the will.他们在遗嘱上连署。
Her blush witnessed her agitation.她脸红表示了她的激动。
None could witness that he was present.没有人能证明他在场。
He has witnessed many battles.他经历过多次战争。
4. count （count for）重要，(count sb/sth as) 认为，看作，被视作
Every point in this game counts. 这场比赛每一场比赛都很重要。
The fact that she had apologized counted for nothing with him. 她已经道歉，但他认为这是没有用的。
For tax purposes that money counts / is counted as income. 那笔钱算作收入，需要纳税。
[vn] I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作一个最亲密的朋友。
[vn-adj] I count myself lucky to have known him. 我觉得很幸运。
[vn-n] She counts herself one of the lucky ones. 她认为自己是一个幸运者。
5.keep in mind
keep/ bear/ have sth in mind: remember sth She doesn’t seem to keep the matter in mind.
相关短语： change one’s mind e.g. Nothing will make me change my mind.
make up one’s mind e.g. I’ve made up my mind to be a doctor.
keep in touch with e.g. I keep in touch with my friend by internet.
keep in with 和…保持友谊 e.g. She still keeps in with her former husband.
5.calm vt. 使镇定, 使平静 The mother calmed her child. 母亲使孩子安静下来。
Calm vi. 镇定下来,平静下来The crying child soon calmed down.哭闹的小孩不多一会就安静下来。
Calm adj平静的
The sea was calm after the storm. 经过这场风暴后，大海平静下来了。
After the storm it became calm again.暴风雨过后,天气又恢复平静无风。
The sea was calm at the beginning of our voyage.我们出海时,海上风平浪静。
He was calm when I told him the bad news. 当我告诉他这个坏消息时，他很平静。
n. the calm before the storm
同义词 calm ，silent， quiet， still 都含 “平静的”意思。
calm主要用于气候、海洋“ 风平浪静的”, 也可指人表示“安静的”、“镇静的”, 如:
The sky is blue, and the sea is calm.天空碧兰, 海上风平浪静。
Although she was frightened, she answered with a calm voice. 虽然她害怕, 但还是用平静的声音回答。
quiet 指“没有吵闹声的”、“ 没有噪音的”,它强调“声音很低、很少”或“全然无声”, 如:
He had a quiet life.他过着宁静的生活。
still 指“没声音的”、“没动静的”, 常与躺（lie）、坐(sit)、站(stand)、保持(keep/remain)等静态动词连用, 如: the still hours before dawn 黎明前的寂静时刻。
The students sat still, listening to the teacher. 学生们一动不动地坐着听老师讲课。
silent 主要用于人，指人不说话、不作声、沉默不语。
Do you know when to keep silent? 你知道何时保持沉默吗？
考题 1. We must be __________ before danger. (A)
A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
2. The library permits________ talking. (B)
A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
6.panic n. 恐慌, 惊慌; 经济上的大恐慌
be in a panic在惊慌中; be seized with a panic惊慌失措; get up a panic 引起惊慌
cause a panic 引起恐慌
vi. 惊慌, 害怕 (panicked, panicked) panic over sth. 对某事感到惊慌
The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns. 人们听到枪声感到惊慌。
7. respond vi. (respond to sb/sth with sth )(formal)
I asked his name, but he didn’t respond.我问他叫什么名字，他没回答。
She never responded to my letter. 她从来没给过我回信。
When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that the remained optimistic. 问到公司的未来的时候，经理回答说他依然乐观。
How did they respond to the news?他们对这则消息有什么反应？
The car responds very well to the controls. 这辆汽车操纵自如。
response n. She made no response. 她没有回答。
Her cries for help met with no/some/little… response. 她那求救的呼声没有激起任何/激起一些/没有激起什么…反映。
answer/ reply/ respond
answer 指以口头，书面或其他方式回答或反应
reply 正式用词，多表示经过考虑，一一答复所提的问题或论点
respond 正式用词，表示“回答”用得较少，多指对外界刺激迅速而自然地作出反应
8.conscious adj (1)有意识的；神志清醒的 (2)了解的；察觉的
consciously adv. consciousness n. 知觉
He is hurt but still conscious. 他受了伤，不过神志还清醒。
She was not conscious of his presence in the room. 她不晓得他在这房间里。(be conscious of sth./ that…) 察觉的 I was conscious of her presence.我知道她在场。
unconscious adj (1)失去知觉的 After she hit her head she was unconscious for several minutes.
她把头碰了一下后昏迷了几分钟。
(2)无意的；不自觉的 I was unconscious of her presence.我不知道她在场。
9.on the way& in the way
in the way 障碍（阻止你到想去的地方的人或物）；on the way 在途中
e.g. Please don\'t stand in the kitchen door-you’re in the way. 你挡了我的路。
Let’s not stop too often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留了。
其他词组：by the way顺便提一下；on the (one’s) way to 去…的路上；in this (that) way这样（那样）；by way of 途径；in a (one) way在某种程度上
10.tip vt, vi -pp-
I tipped the bottle over and it broke. 我把瓶子弄翻了，瓶子摔破了。(常与over, up连用;打翻，使弄翻)
I tipped the table and the glasses fell off it. 我把桌子弄歪了，玻璃杯掉了下来。(使倾斜；弄歪)
(3)丢弃；倒掉 (4)（与into连用）把…倒入容器
tip n. 尖端，小部分，小物件 v. 给某物装上尖头，置于某物顶端
(have sth.) on the tip of one’s tongue
the tip of the iceberg 重要情况，重大问题等显露出的小部分
e.g. His name is on t he tip of my tongue, but I just can’t think of.
The legs of the table were tipped with rubber. 桌子腿装上了橡皮头。
Tip: 轻拍/打/敲; 给…小费; 可能成功; 事先给某人警告或暗示
She just tipped the ball over the net. He tip the driver 5 Yuan.
She’s been tipped for promotion. 有人认为她最可能得到提升。
Someone tipped off the police about the robbery.
tip n.小费; 有用的小建议;
He left a tip under his plate.
The teacher gives students some tips about how to study English.
11. slightly adv. 略微，稍微
a slightly different version 略有不同的说法。 We took a slightly more direct route. 我们选择了一条略近的路。
I knew her slightly. 我对她略知一二。 ‘Are you worried?’ ‘Only slightly.’ 你担心吗？稍微有点。
slight adj. 轻微的, 微小的, 少量的;纤细的, 瘦小的
slight difficulty 小困难; a slight possibility of success很小的成功可能性
a slight girl苗条的女孩; a slight difference微小的区别
12.circulate vi, vt -lated, -lating (1)使循环；环流
The blood circulates round the body. 血液在体内循环。
(2)散布；流传；扩散 Rumors circulated rapidly. 谣言迅速散布开来。
People who circulate false news are to be blamed.散布流言者该受遣责。
(3)随意地到处走动
The prince circulated from group to group at the party. 王子在宴会中穿梭于人群之间。
“The politician circulated at the dance party, talking to lots of people.” “那个政治家在跳舞晚会上到处走动,同许多人交谈。”
circulation n. 流传，传播（不可数）；发行额，销售量（可数）；血液循环（可数或不可数） e.g. have (a) good/ bad circulation
13.revive vt, vi revived, reviving (1)复活；复苏；再生
The fresh air soon revived him. 新鲜空气很快就使他苏醒过来了。
(2)再兴；再用 to revive an old custom 恢复旧习俗
Our hopes revived.我们又有希望了。
These flowers will revive in water.这些花在水中会再活。
14.recovery recover 恢复+ -y名词后缀 n -ies
(1) 收回；取回 (2)恢复；复原 (3)（经济）复苏
She made a quick recovery after her illness. 她病后恢复得很快。
15.roll over 不及物动词词组
e.g. The car was out of control and rolled over down to the river.
The years roll on.岁月流逝。 Roll the ball to me.把球滚给我。
其他词组：get…rolling…使…取得进展；keep the ball to rolling 使保持活跃；
roll in 大量涌来；start the ball rolling 使活跃起来
Grammar
1.sudden adj. suddenly adv.
They heard a sudden cry and wondered what was the matter. 他们听到突如其来的叫喊声，不知道出了什么事。
all of a sudden 突然，冷不防 sudden death 暴死
2.in honour of (= in sb’s /sth’s honor) adv.为纪念, 为庆祝
I have cooked a special meal in honor of our visitors. 我做了一道特殊的菜向我们的来客表示敬意。
in…of: in praise of赞美；in need of需要；in place of 代替；in case of 万一；in front of在…(内部)前面；in the front of在…(外部)前面；in favor of 支持
honor n (1)尊敬；敬重
(2)荣誉，名誉；信用 to win honor for one's motherland 为祖国争光
(3)被引以为荣的人物 He's an honor to his parents. 他的父母以他为荣。
(4)（对法官等的尊称）阁下，先生 Your Honor 阁下，先生
(5)（用于客套语中）荣幸
We request the honor of your company at dinner. 谨备便酌，敬请光临（请柬用语）
考题 1.Miss Smith thought it a great _______ to be invited to speak to all of us. (D)
A. pleasure B. success C. happiness D. honor
2.Washington, a state in the United States was named ________ one of the greatest American presidents. (C) A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
Integrating skills
1.deal with
You dealt with that situation very cleverly. 你很巧妙地处理了那个艰难的局面。（处理，料理；attend to, manage sth.）
The next chapter deals with verbs.下一章讨论动词。（讨论,涉及到；take or have sth. as a subject, discuss sth.）
I hate dealing with large impersonal companies.我讨厌和那些没有人情味的大公司打交道。（与…打交道，与做生意；have social, business etc. relations with…）
另：deal with ab.: behave towards ab. 对付，对待
e.g. They try to deal politely with angry customers. 他们尽量对发怒的顾客彬彬有礼。
注：do with/ deal with/ get rid of
get rid of 表示“处理”，侧重“消灭”“摆脱或清除”；deal with和do with 侧重“处理”的手段，方法或方式。do后可接宾语，deal后不接宾语；do with常与what连用；deal with常与how连用。
e.g. If they are not coming, we can get rid of the tickets.如果他们不来了，我们可以把票处理掉。
How do you deal with matters of this sort？你是怎么处理这类事情的？
What did you do with the broken car? 你怎么处理那辆坏了的车的？
2.could have done
e.g. We could have helped that boy, even we were busy. 那天，即使我们很忙，我们本来也可以帮助那个男孩的。（本可以做，但事实没有做）
He could have told his girl friend the secret. But I’m not very sure. 他或许已经把这个秘密告诉他的女朋友了，不过我也并不确定。（或许已经做过，表示对过去某事的推测）
2). must have done 一定已经做过(表示对过去某事较有把握的推测)
e.g. They must have stayed up late night-all of them looks sleepy.
他们昨天晚上肯定熬得很晚了，他们看起来全都非常疲倦。
3). should have done/ ought to have done 本应该做(却没做，表达一种强烈的遗憾，责备之意)
e.g. They should have handed in their homework yesterday.
昨天他们本该把家庭作业交上去的。
4). needn’t have done 本不应该（但事实上已经做了）
e.g. You needn’t have copied the exercise book. I have one more and I can give it to you.
你其实不必抄那本练习册，我还有一本可以给你。
3.bite vt, vi bit, bitten, biting (1)咬 My monkey doesn't bite. 我的猴子不咬人。
The boy bit into the apple. 那个男孩子咬了一口苹果。
(2)咬成（某种状态）
The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers. 狗把我的裤子咬了一个洞。
(3)（虫）叮 The mosquitoes are biting me. 蚊子叮我。
(4)（鱼）咬饵 (5)抓紧；卡紧
The car's tires would not bite on the snow. 汽车轮胎在雪地里会打滑。
bite n (1)咬; (2)咬下的一块 (3)食物 (4)咬伤
She was covered in insect bites. 她浑身是虫子叮的伤。
This apple's good, do you want a bite? 这苹果很好，你想来一口吗？
He took a bite out of the pear.他咬了一口梨。
He hasn't had a bite (to eat) all day. 他整天都没吃东西。
The children haven't had a bite to eat all day.孩子们一整天什么也没吃过。
4.loose adj (1)没加束缚的；自由的 (2)散装的
“I bought these chocolates loose, not in a box.”“我买的这些巧克力是散装的,不是盒装的。”
(3)不坚固的，不牢的 (4)宽大的，肥大的（衣服） (5)疏松的
The ringleader of the gang had one hand loose but the other was tied to another robber's.
“匪首的一只手是松开的,但另一只手和另一个强盗的手捆缚在一起。”
(6)不精确的 (7)放荡的 a loose woman 一个放荡的女人
(8)无拘束的 a loose tongue 藏不住话的嘴（舌头）
(9)随便的；不严格的 a loose translation 不拘泥原文的翻译
Loose play lost them the match. 不经心的比赛使他们输了。
loose vt loosed, loosing (1)放松；释放
He loosened his collar of his overcoat.他解开了大衣领口。
(2)射（箭） (3)开，放（枪、炮） (4)使不受约束
Wine loosed his tongue. 酒后他说话随便起来。
5.see a doctor看医生see sb off 为某人送行see into调查,领会
see to sth处理某事 see to it that务必
6.call for需要,要求,邀请,去请
call on sb拜访某人 call at place去某地造访 call sb up给某人打电话
call in a doctor请医生=send for a doctor call on sb to do sth号召某人干call for sb to do sth请求某人干
call out for help大声呼救make a phone call打电话
7.in case of 如果；万一 In case of rain they can't go. 万一下雨，他们就不能去了。
in case以防；可能；倘若 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。
in the case of 就…而言
e.g. It’s the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of him, the story is true.
我们把这类故事视为神话，但就他来说，这故事却是真实的。
注：in case of/ in the case of + n./ pron. 不接从句
in case + 从句 He left early in case he should miss the train. In case of danger, you must be calm.
in any case无论如何, 总之; in good case健康, 生活富裕; in no case决不
in that case如果是那样的话; in the case of 就...来说, 关于; in this case假如这样的话
It /This/ That is not the case.情况不是这样; 并非事实。
Step Ⅱ Grammar
虚拟语气用法补充：
1. would rather 的虚拟用法：
Marry would rather (not) have a fresh-tasting toothpaste.
The mayor (市长) would rather have handled that press conference last week.
The kids would rather play outdoors than indoors.
The aged man would rather have participated in social service than amused himself by watching TV at home several years ago.
I’d rather you didn’t make any comment in the issue for the time being. (暂时)
e.g. David would rather that Jim had called at Chinese Economic and Trade Exhibitions yesterday.
2. would as soon, would sooner, would prefer 表“希望或婉转的责备”要求用虚拟语气，谓语动词为过去式表示现在或将来情况，谓语动词为过去完成时表示过去情况
I would just prefer you had returned the book to him yesterday.
3. otherwise, if only, suppose/ supposing 引导含蓄条件句表愿望，建议用虚拟语气
e.g. If only I knew how to operate the internet phone. 要是我知道怎么打网络电话就好了。
4. It is (high/ right/ about/ good) time + 从句用虚拟语气（是…的时候）
It’s high time you stopped idling about and started looking for a job. 闲逛
5. but for…（要不是…）& without … 用在句首，引导虚拟条件句，时态随句意改变
But for/ Without his uncle, the kid would have been drowned in the pool.
6. If it were not for… (要不是…) 与现在相反
If it were not for the fact that his father is on the board directors, he would never have a job.
If it had not been for your advice, I would have made a serious mistake.
7). but that + 从句（用虚拟语气）
e.g. I would go by steamer but that I’m a poor sailor. 要不是因为晕船，我就坐船去了。
8). as it is & as it were
as it is 用在句首“事实上，实际上，就目前的情况而言”
as it were 用在句尾“照现状，照原样”
Cao Yu is a sort of Chinese Shakespeare as it were.
Unit8 first aid
warming up
1.aid n (1)帮助；援助 first aid___________ (2)帮助者；有帮助的事物
An English-Chinese Dictionary is an important aid in learning the English.
习惯用语 do/ give/ offer first aid to sb.____ go to sb’s aid___ with the aid of sb== with sb’s aid_____
in aid of _____________ raising fund in aid of the sick what's it all in aid of? 这是为了什么目的？
aid vt 帮助；援助 I aided him with money. 我资助了他。
help,assist,aid的区别
（1）help和另外两个词的差别在于，help 含有比较强的“目的”意义。如果你失眠，服安眠药则有助于你入睡，这里包含着目的
A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs.
May I help you to some more meat?…but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain.……
（2）assist从词源学角度讲，是“站在旁边”的意思，它清楚地包含着这种帮助只起着次要的作用
He assisted the professor in compiling the dictionary.
The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
（3）aid含有接受帮助者因为弱小而需要帮助的意思。The Red Cross often aids flood victims.
2.drown vt. , vi (1)_________ (2)____________ (3)消除(忧愁等); 解(闷) (4)使沉溺于; 使迷恋(in) (5)搀淡; 冲淡(饮料等); (加水)化开(生石灰); 往...里加太多的水
be [get] drowned____________ drown oneself___________eyes drowned in tears__________
drown one's cares in wine_______________ be drowned in fishing____________-
The cheers of the audience drowned the professor's voice. Don't drown my whisky.
3.accident/ incident/ event 的区别
4. count （count for）______，(count sb/sth as) _____________
Every point in this game counts. The fact that she had apologized counted for nothing with him. For tax purposes that money counts / is counted as income. [vn] I count him among my closest friends. [vn-adj] I count myself lucky to have known him. [vn-n] She counts herself one of the lucky ones.
4.choke vi, vt choked, choking (1)_________________
The smoke from the stove almost choked me The madman choked his own child to death.
(2)_______________ The pipe was choked by cotton.
(3)（常与back连用）抑制，忍住（怒气、眼泪等）
5.catch fire: _______________ be on fire:__________________
The forest caught fire last week. It is still on fire.
复习：1). set fire to sth./ set sth. on fire _________________2). play with fire ____________
3). go through fire and water (for)_________________4). be on fire for ______________
5). fire v. 着火，开枪，开除 (dismiss )
firework 烟火，烟火晚会 fireplace 火炉 fireman/fire fighter 消防员 fire escape 太平梯
6.container n. 容器 contain vt.包含，容纳 containment n. 包含
contain / include The book ___________10 units. The book doesn’t ____________Unit 11.
Six were killed, ___________the boy. (连那小孩在内六人丧生。)
7.electrical adj. 电的，与电有关的 (of/ concerned with electricity)
_________ n.电流 __________adj. 发电的，使用电的 （using electrical power）_________ adj. 电子的
Reading
1.upside n.上边，上部 upside-down adj/adv
1). ________hold a book upside-down 2). _______ He has an upside-down way of doing things.
Burglars had turned the house upside-down..
2.as if/ though 引导的从句什么时候用陈述语气，什么时候又用虚拟语气？
3.witness n. (1)(=eyewitness)______ (2)[主要用于give witness, bear witness]证据, 证明; 证词 (3)[常省略定冠词]【律】连署人, 证人
a witness of the accident These facts are a witness to his carelessness.
She gave witness on behalf of the accused person.
Witness vt. (1)______________ (2)连署, 签名作证 (3)表明, 显示 (4)证明 (5)经历
She witnessed the accident. They witnessed the will. Her blush witnessed her agitation.
None could witness that he was present. He has witnessed many battles.
4.keep in mind keep/ bear/ have sth in mind: remember sth She doesn’t seem to keep the matter in mind.
相关短语： change one’s mind ________make up one’s mind__________keep in touch with _________keep in with _________________
5.calm vt. _____________ The mother calmed her child.
Calm vi.___________The crying child soon calmed down.
Calm adj The sea was calm after the storm.。 After the storm it became calm again.
The sea was calm at the beginning of our voyage. He was calm when I told him the bad news.
n. e.g. the calm before the storm
同义词 calm ，silent， quiet， still 的区别
考题 1. We must be __________ before danger. A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
2. The library permits________ talking. A. calm B. quiet C. still D. silent
6.panic n. 恐慌, 惊慌; 经济上的大恐慌
be in a panic____________; be seized with a panic_______________; cause a panic __________
vi. 惊慌, 害怕 (panicked, panicked) panic over sth. ___________
The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns.
7. (respond to sb/sth with sth )(formal) _____________
I asked his name, but he didn’t respond. She never responded to my letter.
When asked about the company’s future, the director responded that the remained optimistic.
How did they respond to the news? The car responds very well to the controls.
response n. ________ She made no response.
Her cries for help met with no/some/little… response.
Her cries for help met with no/some/little… response.
answer/ reply/ respond 的区别
8.conscious adj (1)_______________(2)_________________
consciously adv. consciousness n. 知觉
He is hurt but still conscious.
She was not conscious of his presence in the room. (be conscious of sth./ that…)
I was conscious of her presence.
unconscious adj (1)__________ After she hit her head she was unconscious for several minutes.
(2)_____________ I was unconscious of her presence.
9.on the way& in the way
in the way, on the way 的含义分别是什么？
e.g. Please don't stand in the kitchen door-you’re in the way.
Let’s not stop too often on the way.
其他词组：by the way_____on the (one’s) way to _____；in this (that) way___by way of ____
in a (one) way__________
10.tip
I tipped the bottle over and it broke. (常与over, up连用;打翻，使弄翻)
I tipped the table and the glasses fell off it. (使倾斜；弄歪)
(3)丢弃；倒掉 (4)（与into连用）把…倒入容器
(have sth.) on the tip of one’s tongue
the tip of the iceberg 重要情况，重大问题等显露出的小部分
The legs of the table were tipped with rubber. She just tipped the ball over the net.
He tip the driver 5 Yuan. She’s been tipped for promotion. Someone tipped off the police about the robbery.
He left a tip under his plate. The teacher gives students some tips about how to study English.
11. adv. __________
a slightly different version We took a slightly more direct route. I knew her slightly.
‘Are you worried?’ ‘Only slightly.’
slight adj._______________ slight difficulty ________ a slight possibility of success_______
a slight girl___________; a slight difference________________
12.circulate vi, vt -lated, -lating (1)_________ The blood circulates round the body.
(2)_________________ Rumors circulated rapidly. People who circulate false news are to be blamed.
(3)____________ The prince circulated from group to group at the party.
“The politician circulated at the dance party, talking to lots of people.”
circulation n. 流传，传播（不可数）；发行额，销售量（可数）；血液循环（可数或不可数） e.g. have (a) good/ bad circulation
13.revive vt, vi revived, reviving (1)____________The fresh air soon revived him.
(2)__________ to revive an old custom Our hopes revived.These flowers will revive in water.
14.recovery recover 恢复+ -y名词后缀 n -ies
She made a quick recovery after her illness.
15.roll over 不及物动词词组
The car was out of control and rolled over down to the river.
The years roll on.岁月流逝。 Roll the ball to me.把球滚给我。
其他词组：get…rolling…_____keep the ball to rolling ____roll in _____start the ball rolling _____
Grammar
1.sudden adj. suddenly adv.
They heard a sudden cry and wondered what was the matter.
all of a sudden _____________
2.in honour of (= in sb’s /sth’s honor) _____________________
I have cooked a special meal in honor of our visitors.
in…of: in praise of____in need of_____in place of ____；in case of ____；in favor of ________
honor n (1)尊敬；敬重 (2)荣誉，名誉；信用 to win honor for one's motherland 为祖国争光
(3)被引以为荣的人物He's an honor to his parents.
(4)（对法官等的尊称）阁下，先生 Your Honor 阁下，先生 (5)（用于客套语中）荣幸
We request the honor of your company at dinner. 谨备便酌，敬请光临（请柬用语）
考题 1.Miss Smith thought it a great _______ to be invited to speak to all of us.
A. pleasure B. success C. happiness D. honor
2.Washington, a state in the United States was named ________ one of the greatest American presidents. A. in honor of B. instead of C. in favor of D. by means of
Integrating skills
1.deal with 含义？与do with 区别是什么？
2.could have done，must have done, should/ought to have done, needn’t have done 的区别是什么？
3.bite vt, vi bit, bitten, biting (1)________ My monkey doesn't bite. The boy bit into the apple.
(2)_________________The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers.
(3)_______The mosquitoes are biting me.
(4)（鱼）咬饵 (5)抓紧；卡紧 The car's tires would not bite on the snow.
bite n She was covered in insect bites. This apple's good, do you want a bite?
He took a bite out of the pear. He hasn't had a bite (to eat) all day.
The children haven't had a bite to eat all day
5.see a doctor______see sb off __________see into ________see to sth________see to it that______
6.call for________call on sb___________ call at place_____________call sb up____________call in a doctor__________=_____________call on sb to do sth____________call for sb to do sth___________call out for help_____________make a phone call___________
7.in case of _______ In case of rain they can't go.
in case_____________ Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.
in the case of ________e.g. It’s the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of him, the story is true.
in any case________________ in good case_____________in no case__________
in that case_______________ in the case of_____________ in this case___________-
It /This/ That is not the case.___________________
Warming up
1.board n&vt.木板，甲板,膳食费用（blackboard黑板）；上船；坐船，搭乘（公共交通工具）；供膳宿（boarding school 寄宿）
aboard adv.&prep.在船上，在公共交通工具内
2．But whether buses or trains，or boarding aeroplanes，there wasn't a door she'd get through．(P.25)
译文：但无论是汽车还是火车，还是天上的飞机，都没有她能进的门。
“whether...or...”用来引导让步状语，意为“无论／不管……还……”，此外，还可说成：“no matter whether...or...”。or后可接not或与前面意义相反的词。另外有些省略了whether...or...结构，已经成为习语，如：sink or swim，rain or sunshine等。
Whether you go or not，I will go．不管你去还是不去，我都去。
I am going whether it is raining or not．无论下不下雨，我都要去。
Whether you like or not，you'll have to do it．
无论你喜欢还是不喜欢，你非做不可。
Whether or not it rains，I'm giving a party tomorrow?不管是否下雨，明天我都要举办一个晚会。
I'll go，whether you come with me or stay at home． 无论你跟我来还是留在家里，我都要走。
Sink or swim，I shall do it．无论成败，我都要承担此事。
The football match will be held，rain or sunshine． 足球赛定期举行，风雨无阻。
Reading
3.Poetry also calls up all the colours，feelings，experiences and curious images of a dream world．(P.27)诗歌还能汇集梦中世界的一切色彩，感情，经历和各种奇妙的意向。
call up ①ring up；telephone打电话 ②征召……入伍 ③(使)回想起；把召唤回来
I'll call you up this evening．=I'll telephone you this evening．=I'll ring you up this evening．=I'll give you a call this evening．今晚我给你打电话。
He was called up in ．他于入伍。
This song calls up memory of my childhood．=This song reminds me of my childhood．这首歌使我回想起我的童年。
call短语还有：call for(demand，need要求、需要；来找某人)，call out(呼喊)，call in(叫……进来；招来)，call on sb.／call at a place(短暂拜访……)，call back(回电话)。
4. Poems by Du Fu，Li Bai and Wang Wei among others stand out in the halls of Glory．(P.27) 杜甫、李白、王维以及其他诗人的诗歌兀立在荣光宝殿之上。
stand out[站立→鹤立鸡群]v.①突出；引人注目；②杰出；出色。同源词outstanding形容词，意为突出的，杰出的，显著的。
The new road sign is easy to read；the words stand out．新路标易辨认，上面的字很醒目。
Among writers in China，LuXun stands out as a real master．在中国作家中，鲁迅最为杰出，是一位真正的大师。
an outstanding young musician一位优秀的年轻的音乐家
5. Modern English started around the time of Shakespeare，towards the end of the 16th century．(P.28) 现代英语诗歌开始于莎士比亚时代，即十六世纪末。
time名词，意为①时间②(常用复数)时代。此外还有“次、回、倍”等意思。
What time is it by your watch？你的表几点了？
Take the medicine three times a day．服此药一天三次。
The bag is 3 times the size of that one．这个包大小是那个包的三倍。
Mao Zedong's time(s)毛泽东时代
6．Shakespeare is most famous for his plays．(P.25)
译文：莎士比亚以他的戏剧最为著名。
[讲解]the most放在多音节形容词前，意为“最”，是最高级的表达形式。但most前不加the，意为：“非常”，等于“very”。
This is the most difficult book I've ever read． 这是我读过的最难的一本书。
This is a most difficult book． 这是一本很难的书。(This is a very difficult book．)
7. His sonnets，however，belong to the best English poetry．(P.28)
然而他的十四行诗是英国诗歌中的至尊瑰宝。
belong to意为“属于,不用于被动语态-to be a member of...；to be connected with...”
The book belongs to me．=I own／have／possess the book． 这本书是我的。
That lid belongs to the jar．那个盖子是配这个坛子的。
What party do you belong to？你属于哪个团体？
8。Chinese readers admire their works because of their use of surprising images that reminds them of the works of poets such as Su Dongpo．(P.28)
中国读者赞美他们，是因为他们作品中所用的令人惊奇的想像使他们想到像苏东坡那样的诗人的作品。
admire动词“钦佩、赞美、羡慕”-to think of or look at...with pleasure and respect”。
He is always looking in the mirror，admiring himself． 他常常对着镜子自我欣赏。
They admired our garden．他们称赞我们的花园。
I admired him for his success in business．我佩服他事业有成。
9. Once published，his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line．(P.28) 发行后，他的诗作因为行尾不押韵而大获其名。
absent形容词①[表语]缺席、不在②[定语]心不在焉的
be absent from + 地点表示“不在某地” be absent in + 地点表示“外出去某地”
be absent from the meeting“缺席”
be absent in...当主语是无生命的名词时，意为“没有……”
an absent look on his face心不在焉的表情
He is absent in Europe．他现在外出在欧洲。
He is absent from Europe．他现在外出不在欧洲。
He is absent from the meeting．他开会缺席了。
He was absent from his work．他擅离职守。
Snow is absent in some countries．有些国家终年无雪。
absence名词，意为“不在、缺席”。
His absence from school is worrying．他一再缺课真令人担心。
It happened during his absence．事情发生在他不在时。
In the absence of the manager，I shall be in charge． 经理不在时，由我负责。
The visitors to Venice notice at once the absence of noise．
去威尼斯的游客马上会发现那里没有噪音。
10. Usually remembered for other work than their poetry are eighteenth century poets such as Pope and Johnson．(P.28)
Greatly loved in China，are the English Romantic poets．(P.28)
不是因为诗，而是因为其他杰作让人不能忘怀的还有的18世纪的蒲伯和约翰逊等。
英国浪漫主义诗人深受中国人的喜爱。
在英语中，有时为了强调句子某个成分而进行倒装，有的把谓语动词提前，有的把过去分词提前，有的把现在分词提前。
① 过去分词置于句首。如：
Also discussed was a proposal to reduce the sales tax...也讨论了减少销售税的建议……(这里倒装是由于句子主语较长)
Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing．据说也考虑在北京举行。(这里过去分词与also连用，全句强调主语performance，倒装也与上下文衔接有关)
② 现在分词置于句首。如：
Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water．
地球表面上许多地方都布满水。
Attending the party were 700 students from 15 universities and colleges．
参加晚会的有来自15所大专院校的700名学生。
11. The style and atmosphere in their poems have often led to comparisons with poets such as Du Fu and Li Bai．(P.28)
他们诗文中的风格和气氛经常使人们把他们的诗作与像杜甫、李白那些诗人的诗歌相比较。
1)atmosphere名词，常用单数，意为“大气层；某一地方的空气；气氛、情绪”。
a smoky atmosphere烟雾腾腾
The talk went on in a friendly atmosphere． 会谈在友好的气氛中进行。
There is always an unpleasant atmosphere in the office． 办公室里总有一种令人不悦的气氛。
2) comparison名词意为：相比、对比、对照。常用短语和句型有：by／in comparison with...(与……相比；相比之下)；There is no comparison(between...)(没有什么可比性)；bear／stand comparison with sb.／sth.(比得上某人／某事)。
It's useful to make a comparison between two things． 把两件事情相比是有益的。
By／In comparison with him，you are cleverer．与他相比，你更聪明。
My garden doesn't stand／bear comparison with his． 我的花园比不过他的。
-Is he as good as her at English？ -There is no comparison(between them)．
--在英语上，他俩谁更好？ --他俩根本无可比性。
12. More and more people are interested to read modern poetry in English．(P.28)
越来越多的人们对读英国的现代诗歌感兴趣。
be interested in doing sth.表示感兴趣的事情不太具体，是抽象概念；be interested to do sth.表示感兴趣的事情很具体。
Are you interested in playing football？你对足球感兴趣吗？
I'd be interested to hear your opinion about this．我到想听听你对这个事情的看法。
13．Reading poetry in English also opens the door to finding new ways of expressing yourself in Chinese．(P.28)
译文：读英文诗歌还能使你开启一扇大门，在那儿，你可以找到更新的用汉语表达思想的方法。
[讲解]注意本句中to为介词，介词to后表示有动作的意味时，该词用其动名词形式。类似的结构还有：be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事；devote...to doing sth把……贡献给……；contribute...to doing sth把……贡献给……；look forward to doing sth.盼望做某事。
He is used to getting up early．他已习惯早起床了。
He has contributed himself to serving the people． 他把自己的一切都献给了为人民服务上。
He is looking forward to seeing you soon．他正盼望早些见到你。
Post reading
14. Modern English came into being from about the middle of 16th century．(P.28)
come into being(existence)形成、开始存在。为不及物动词短语，所以不可用被动；bring...into being(existence)使……形成、存在。
When did the universe first come into being？ 宇宙是什么时候开始形成的？
Who brought the new regulation into being？这新规定是谁制定的？
15．I started with small poems，but now I most like long poems．(P.31)
开始时，我读一些小诗，现在我更愿意读长诗。
start with意为：“以……开始”；start as意为“作为……开始、开始时是……”
We started our English learning with ABC． 我们是以学ABC开始我们的英语学习的。
As a VIP，he started as only a clerk． 作为一名大人物，他开始只是一名小职员。
16。Ask your teacher to recommend poems to you．(P.32) 请你的老师为你推荐一些诗歌。
recommend动词，意为“推荐、介绍、建议”，常用句型为：①recommend sth.／sb.推荐某物／人；②recommend sb. sth.／sb.=recommend sth/sb. to sb.把……推荐／介绍给……；③recommend sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事；④recommend + that从句(that从句谓语动词用should + 动词原形，should可省略，“建议某人做某事”；⑤recommend sb.／sth. + as／for + 名词，推荐／介绍……当……
Can you recommend a novel？你能推荐一本小说吗？
The professor recommended me warmly．那位教授热忱地推荐了我。
The teacher recommended us to read novels in origin． 老师建议我们读原版小说。
They recommended that the match be held in China． 他们建议比赛在中国举办。
He recommended Lao Li as an experienced technician．他推荐说老李是一个有经验的技术员。
She recommended me for the Party membership．她介绍我入党。
My uncle recommended me to the manager．我叔叔把我介绍给经理。
I have been recommended that medicine。有人向我介绍那种药。
17。Collect your favorite poems in a notebook and ask your friends to contribute to it．(P.32)
把你最喜欢的诗歌收集在你的笔记本中，让你的朋友们也往里面增添些新诗歌。
contribute动词，意为“贡献、捐(款)、投(稿)、出(力)、起(作用)、分享(=have a share in)”。常用句型有：①contribute sth.②contribute + to-infinitive③contribute sth. to(towards)sth.④contribute to sth.。
Everybody is called to contribute ideas． 要求人人都想办法出主意。
Low wages and high prices contributed to increase the discontent of the people of that country．低工资、物价高增加了那个国家人们的不满。
He contributed all his time and energy to his work． 他把所有时间和精力都献给了工作。
Laziness contributed greatly to his failure． 懒惰是他失败的最重要的原因。
The fine weather contributed to the success of the expeditions． 好天气是这次远征的原因。
用作状语的过去分词
无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等，这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。
1)表时间
(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调实践概念时，过去分词之前可用连词when，while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．
他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．
那姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不平。
3)表让步
Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀请，我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．尽管一再遭受挫败，他们仍然继续战斗。
4)表伴随
He stared at me(he was)astonished．他两眼瞪着我，惊恐万状。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。
1. .prefer v．更喜欢…..
prefer sth to sth prefer to do sth prefer doing sth; prefer doing sth to doing sth
I much prefer dogs to cats．与猫比起来，我更喜欢狗。
Many people living in cities would actually prefer to live in the country．许多住在城市的人实际上更愿意住在乡村。
Peter prefers traveling by train．彼得更喜欢乘火车旅行。
I prefer staying home to going out today．我今天宁愿呆在家里，也不愿出去。
preference n．偏好
I must admit I have a preference for romantic movies．我必须承认我更喜欢浪漫电影。 ．
I asked her where she wanted to go on vacation，but she didn't express any preference．我问她想到哪儿去度假，但她没表示自己的偏好。
In allocating housing，preference is given to those who have young children．在分配房子时，那些有小孩的人有优先权。
Many people choose the train in preference to driving．许多人宁愿选择火车也不愿选择自己驾车。
2． furniture n. （总称）家具，作不可数名词。例如：
一套家具 a set of furniture 一件家具 a piece of furniture；an article of furniture
This old French table is a very valuable piece of furniture.
这张旧的法国桌子是一件很贵重的家具。
3． convenient adj.方便的；近便的opp. inconvenient 不方便的
（1）作表语时，不可用sb作主语。例如：
Is it convenient for you to come out this evening? 你今天晚上出来方便吗？
不可写为：Are you convenient to come out this evening? （2）作表语时后接主动不定式。
The furniture is convenient to move.
家具搬起来很方便。派生词：convenience n.方便；便利
4. stand vt.承受；经受；承担（to accept successfully; bear）
This work will hardly stand close examination.这种作品很难经得起仔细的检验。（stand sth.）
Could you stand to go there again tomorrow?明天你还有能耐上那里吗？（stand to do sth）
He wants to marry me but I can't stand the sight of him. 他要娶我，但我一见他就受不了。（can't stand sth /doing sth）
5. Architecture looks at the man-made living environment．(P.19) 译文：建筑学关注的是人造生活环境。
[讲解]本句采用了拟人的修辞方法(personification)，把architecture人性化。look at在本句中意为“考虑、关注(consider)”；此外还有“看待(regard)”、“对待(judge)”、“检查、察看(examine to see if it is good or correct)”等意思。
I won't look at such a simple matter． 我不愿考虑这样简单的事情。
We must look at the question from all sides． 我们应该从各个方面考虑这个问题。
You should look at your work attentively．你应认真对待你的工作。
You ought to have your bad teeth looked at． 你应去检查一下你的坏牙。
6. ...who wanted to change society with buildings that went against people's feeling of beauty．(P.19) 他们希望用背离人们审美标准的建筑改变社会。
[讲解]go against有三个意思。①违背，反对(to act in opposition to)；②对(某人)不利(to be in favorable to sb.)③与……相反；与……不符。
[例句]
She went against her own wishes．她违背了她自己的意志。
The opinion is going against us．舆论对我们不利。
The case may go against you这个案子对你不利。
It went against my principles to work for this company． 为这家公司工作违背了我的原则。
[讲解]against的用法总结：
be against a plan(反对计划)／sail against the wind(逆风行船)／stand against the door(靠门而立)／go against the law(违背法律)／be against one\'s will(违背心愿)／protect(defend)sb. against(from)...(保护……免受)／warn sb. against doing sth...(警告……不……)／Her red clothes stand out clearly against the snow．(她的红色衣服在白雪中格外显眼)／The rain beat against the window．(雨点打在了窗户上)。
7． impress vt.因此impress原意为：压入；按入→vt.①(具体)印、压(盖)印；②(抽象)给……深刻印象；使感动；使佩服；③铭记；铭刻。
I was very impressed by /at /with his performance. 他的表演令人难忘。(sb be impressed by /at /with sth)
My father impressed the value of hard work on me. 我父亲使我铭记勤勉的重要。（impress sth on sb /one's mind; impress sb with sth）
The country impressed me with the high speed of its development. 这个城市给我留下高速度发展的深刻印象。（impress sb with sth）
派生词：impression n.
8．Most of Gaudi's works were constructed in and round Barcelona．(P.20) 高迪的大部分作品都建筑在巴塞罗那及周围。
[讲解]construct v. build(sth)；put or fit together；form建筑；建造(某物)；形成。
[例词]construct a factory／an airplane／a sentence／a modal建工厂；造飞机；造句子；制作模型
9. Both in the choice of materials and shape of buildings, ancient architecture stands much closer to nature. 无论是在选材，还是在外形上，古代建筑都比较贴近自然。
(1)in the choice of意为“在选择……方面”。choice n.①选择(可数或不可数名词)；②被选出的人或东西(可数名词)，常和for，as连用；③可供选择的品种。
I bet we've made a good choice．我确信我们做了一个好的选择。
As to language learning，he was given a choice between English and France．至于语言学习，他被提供了两项选择--英语或法语。
I didn't work all night．-I did it by choice．
我不是非得整夜工作--我是自己选择这样做。
He was a very good choice as chairman．他是作主席的最好人选。
(2) 句中的stand close to 原意为“站得与……靠近”，这里指“与……相适”，“与……相一致”。例如：He stands close to the hive to have a close study on their dance. 他站在靠近蜂房的地方仔细观察蜜蜂的舞蹈。
His conclusion stands closer to the facts than yours. 他的结论比你的更与事实相符。
10. Looking at the architecture by Gandhi is like a dream, full of fantastic colors and shapes.
观赏高迪的建筑就像进了梦境，色彩斑斓和形状奇异。
（1）句中的“looking at…”是动名词短语，在句中作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，在英语中，此类用法很常见。例如：
Missing the bus means waiting for another hour. 错过了这班车意味着再等一个小时。
Mary's coming late made her teacher angry. 玛丽迟到了使她老师很生气。
（2）句中的“full of…”为形容词短语，相当于一个定语从句“which is full of…”。又如：
We visited many palaces, old and beautiful. 我们参观了许多古老而又美丽的宫殿。
（相当于：…，which are old and beautiful.）
11. despite= in spite of prep．不管，不顾
Despite all our efforts to save the school，the headmaster decided to close it.不管我们花了多少努力来挽救这所学校，校长还是决定关掉它。
She went to Spain despite the fact that the doctor had told her to rest．不顾医生告诉她要休息(这个事实)，她还是去了西班牙。
Despite herself, she found his attention rather enjoyable．情不自禁地，她发现他的关注相当令人愉悦。
12. Frank Lloyd Wright，who built an art museum in New York，found himself inspired by Japanese seashells．(P.20) 弗兰克劳埃德赖特设计了纽约的艺术博物馆，是日本的海贝壳激发了他的灵感。
[讲解]inspire v. in 根义：注入。①注入精神→鼓舞，激励；②注入灵气→给……灵感；启迪；启示。
His noble example inspired the rest of us to great effort．他的高尚的榜样激发了我们大家更加努力。
It inspired him with courage．这事鼓起了他的勇气。My father inspired me with a love of knowledge．
我的父亲鼓励我爱好学问。
The beautiful scenery of the West Lake inspired him to write this famous poem．西湖美景给了他灵感写出了这首著名的诗篇。
12. fill up with把…灌满，使充满
Brad just kept filling up everyone’ glass with champagne．布莱德一直给每一个人的杯子灌满香槟。
11. Seen from the top, it looks as if the stadium is covered by a gray net of steel, and it looks just like a bird's nest made of tree branches.从顶上看，仿佛体育场覆盖着灰色的钢网，非常像树枝搭成的鸟巢。
（1）…look as if“看起来好像”，后面可接真实可能发生的事，也可指与事实完全相反的假设。例如：
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看样子要下雨了。（真实语气，有可能发生）
If you put the chopsticks in the water , it looks as if they were broken. 如果你把筷子放进水中，他们看起来仿佛断了似的。
13． belong to 属于；是……成员。
（1）此词组不可用于进行时，例如： The car belongs to her.这车属于她。
（2）不可用于被动语态，其过去分词也不可用作后位定语。
Does the tape belong to Mary? 这磁带是玛丽的吗？
（3）是……成员（to be a member of an organization）
What party do you belong to? 你是哪一党的党员？
（4）与……有关系（to be connected with）
As a writer, he really belongs to the 18th century. 以作家而言，他其实属于18世纪。
They are decorated with small round windows that remind us of ships，bent roofs，...(P.23)
译文：它们被小圆窗装点，还能让你联想到轮船、穹顶……
[讲解]decorate v.装饰、装修(make sth. more beautiful or attractive by sth.(not because it is necessary)。常用句型decorate...with sth.；如宾语是人，意为：授予某人荣誉标志(勋章)。
a Christmas tree decorated with colored lights装饰着彩灯的圣诞树
He was decorated for his bravery．他因勇敢而被授予勋章。
[讲解]remind v.①使某人想起，常用remind sb. of sth.句型②提醒某人做某事，常用remind sb. to do sth.句型。
He reminds me of his brother．他使我想起了他哥哥。
This song reminded me of my childhood．=This song recalled me of my childhood．=This song called up the memory of my childhood．这首歌使我想起了我的童年。
Do I have to remind you？我必须提醒你吗？
That(what you\'ve said)reminds me．I must feed the cat．对啦！我该喂猫了。
14． set aside
（1）把……置于一旁；
He set aside all objections and changed the plan. 他不顾一切反对改变了计划。
（2）留出，拨出
We should set aside enough grain. 我们应该留出充足的粮食。
（3）使无效
The decision of the court set aside the new law. 法院的判决使得那条新法律无效。
（4）为了某种特殊目的而搁置一旁
This is a room set aside for playing card games. 这是一间专供纸牌游戏的房间。
15. so that people in the neighborhood are not disturbed when rock musicians move in and practice for a concert．(P.24) ……目的是当乐师们搬进来为音乐会排练时，邻居不被打扰。
[讲解]disturb vt.①焦虑不安，常用于be disturbed to do sth.(由于做了某事而焦虑不安)；②扰乱、惊动、搅乱；interrupt vt.打断、中断。因此disturb强调“扰”；interrupt强调“断”。
[例句]
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．听到你生病他焦虑不安。
Don\'t disturb the papers on my desk．不要把我桌上的文件弄乱。
She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child．她轻轻打开门为的是不把睡梦中的小孩弄醒。
Don\'t interrupt the speaker now；he will answer questions later．现在不要打断他的话，他稍候再回答问题。
We interrupt this programme to bring you a new flash．我们中断节目，报告新闻快讯。
三 词语学习:
5.sale n．销售 for sale 待售 on sale 廉价销售
--Excuse me, are these for sale? 请问这些卖吗?
--No，the particular item is just on show．不，这个只供观赏。
Peter's department store is having a sale this week．这星期彼得百货商店大减价。
Stephen King's new novel will go on sale next week．史第芬金的新小说将会卖到下星期。
I could only afford to buy the CD player because it was on sale．我只买得起CD机，因为它在降价大甩卖。
6.Stuff n. [u] 东西；材料；事情
What's that stuff you're drinking? 你在喝什么东西?
What kind of stuff do you like to read? 你喜欢读什么样的材料?
I've got so much stuff to do this weekend．这个周末我有许多事情要做。
Unit 3 Art and architecture 知识清单
1. .prefer v．__________.
(prefer sth to sth prefer to do sth prefer doing sth; prefer doing sth to doing sth )
I much prefer dogs to cats． Many people living in cities would actually prefer to live in the country．
Peter prefers traveling by train． I prefer staying home to going out today．
preference n．_____________
I must admit I have a preference for romantic movies．
I asked her where she wanted to go on vacation，but she didn't express any preference．
In allocating housing，preference is given to those who have young children．
Many people choose the train in preference to driving．
2． furniture n. （总称）_____，作_____________名词。例如：
a set of furniture a piece of furniture；an article of furniture
This old French table is a very valuable piece of furniture.
3． convenient adj.______________ opp. inconvenient ___________
（1）作表语时，不可用__________作主语。例如：
Is it convenient for you to come out this evening?
可不可以写为：Are you convenient to come out this evening?
（2）作表语时后接主动不定式还是被动不定式。
The furniture is convenient to move.派生词：convenience n.____
4. stand vt._____________（to accept successfully; bear）
This work will hardly stand close examination.（stand sth.）
Could you stand to go there again tomorrow?（stand to do sth）
He wants to marry me but I can't stand the sight of him.（can't stand sth /doing sth）
5. Architecture looks at the man-made living environment．(P.19)建筑学关注的是人造生活环境。
本句采用了拟人的修辞方法(personification)，把architecture人性化。look at在本句中意为“____________”；此外还有“看待(regard)”、“对待(judge)”、“检查、察看(examine to see if it is good or correct)”等意思。
I won't look at such a simple matter． We must look at the question from all sides．
You should look at your work attentively． You ought to have your bad teeth looked at．
6. ...who wanted to change society with buildings that went against people's feeling of beauty．(P.19) 他们希望用背离人们审美标准的建筑改变社会。
[讲解]go against有三个意思。①_______(to act in opposition to)；②___________(to be in favorable to sb.)③______________
She went against her own wishes． The opinion is going against us． The case may go against you
It went against my principles to work for this company．
[讲解]against的用法总结：
be against a plan(____)／sail against the wind(____)／stand against the door(____)／go against the law(____)／be against one\'s will(____)／protect(defend)sb. against(from)...( ____)／warn sb. against doing sth... (____)／Her red clothes stand out clearly against the snow．(____)／The rain beat against the window．(____)。
7． impress vtvt.①(具体)________；②(抽象)___________；③______________。
I was very impressed by /at /with his performance.(sb be impressed by /at /with sth)
My father impressed the value of hard work on me.（impress sth on sb /one's mind; impress sb with sth）
The country impressed me with the high speed of its development.（impress sb with sth）
派生词：impression n.
8．Most of Gaudi's works were constructed in and round Barcelona．(P.20) 高迪的大部分作品都建筑在巴塞罗那及周围。
[讲解]construct v. build(sth)；put or fit together；form_____________。
[例词]construct a factory／an airplane／a sentence／a moda___________________-
9. Both in the choice of materials and shape of buildings, ancient architecture stands much closer to nature. 无论是在选材，还是在外形上，古代建筑都比较贴近自然。
(1)in the choice of意为“________________”。choice n.①选择(可数或不可数名词)；②被选出的人或东西(可数名词)，常和for，as连用；③可供选择的品种。
I bet we've made a good choice． As to language learning，he was given a choice between English and France．
I didn't work all night．-I did it by choice． He was a very good choice as chairman．
(2) 句中的stand close to 原意为“站得与……靠近”，这里指“______________”。
例如：He stands close to the hive to have a close study on their dance.
His conclusion stands closer to the facts than yours.
10. Looking at the architecture by Gandhi is like a dream, full of fantastic colors and shapes.
观赏高迪的建筑就像进了梦境，色彩斑斓和形状奇异。
（1）句中的“looking at…”是动名词短语，在句中作_________，谓语动词用_____数形式，在英语中，此类用法很常见。例如：
Missing the bus means waiting for another hour. Mary's coming late made her teacher angry.
（2）句中的“full of…”为形容词短语，相当于一个定语从句“which is full of…”。又如：
We visited many palaces, old and beautiful. （相当于：…，which are old and beautiful.）
11. despite= in spite of prep．__________
Despite all our efforts to save the school，the headmaster decided to close it.
She went to Spain despite the fact that the doctor had told her to rest．
Despite herself, she found his attention rather enjoyable．
12. Frank Lloyd Wright，who built an art museum in New York，found himself inspired by Japanese seashells．(P.20) 弗兰克劳埃德赖特设计了纽约的艺术博物馆，是日本的海贝壳激发了他的灵感。
[讲解]inspire v. in①____________-；②________________
His noble example inspired the rest of us to great effort．
It inspired him with courage． My father inspired me with a love of knowledge．
The beautiful scenery of the West Lake inspired him to write this famous poem．
12. fill up with__________________
Brad just kept filling up everyone’ glass with champagne．
11. Seen from the top, it looks as if the stadium is covered by a gray net of steel, and it looks just like a bird's nest made of tree branches.
（1）…look as if“________”，后面可接真实可能发生的事，也可指与事实完全相反的假设。例如：
It looks as if it is going to rain.
If you put the chopsticks in the water , it looks as if they were broken.
13． belong to _____________。
（1）此词组不可用于________时，例如： The car belongs to her.这车属于她。
（2）不可用于被动语态，其过去分词也不可用作后位定语。
Does the tape belong to Mary? 这磁带是玛丽的吗？
（3）是……成员（to be a member of an organization）
What party do you belong to? 你是哪一党的党员？
（4）与……有关系（to be connected with）
As a writer, he really belongs to the 18th century. 以作家而言，他其实属于18世纪。
14. They are decorated with small round windows that remind us of ships，bent roofs，...(P.23)
它们被小圆窗装点，还能让你联想到轮船、穹顶……
decorate v.____________(make sth. more beautiful or attractive by sth.(not because it is necessary)。
常用句型decorate...__________ sth.；如宾语是人，意为：授予某人荣誉标志(勋章)。
a Christmas tree decorated with colored lights. He was decorated for his bravery．
[讲解]remind v.①_____________，常用_________句型②______，常用________句型。
He reminds me of his brother．
This song reminded me of my childhood．=This song recalled me of my childhood．=This song called up the memory of my childhood． Do I have to remind you？
14． set aside
（1）__________； He set aside all objections and changed the plan.
（2）________ We should set aside enough grain.
（3）________ The decision of the court set aside the new law.
（4）为了某种特殊目的而搁置一旁 This is a room set aside for playing card games.
15. so that people in the neighborhood are not disturbed when rock musicians move in and practice for a concert．(P.24) ……目的是当乐师们搬进来为音乐会排练时，邻居不被打扰。
[讲解]disturb vt.①________，常用于_________(由于做了某事而焦虑不安)；②________；
interrupt vt.打断、中断。因此disturb强调“扰”；interrupt强调“断”。
He was disturbed to hear of your illness． Don\'t disturb the papers on my desk．
She opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the sleeping child．
Don\'t interrupt the speaker now；he will answer questions later．
We interrupt this programme to bring you a new flash．
Warming up
1. infect verb [vn] ~ sb/sth (with sth) 感染, 沾染上
It is not possible to infect another person through kissing. 接吻不可能把这种疾病传染给其他人。 people infected with HIV 感染爱滋病毒的人
Mary's high spirits infected all the girls in the class. 玛丽振奋的精神感染了班上所有的女孩子。
All the tomato plants are infected with a virus. 所有的西红柿植物都感染上了一种病毒。
Infected 感染病毒的， infection n. 传染，感染； infectious adj. 传染性的，感染的
an infected water supply 受污染的水系统；to be exposed to infection 暴露于易受感染的环境 an ear / throat, etc. infection 耳部/喉部感染
2. by swimming 通过游泳
相关词组：by accident=by chance 偶然地；by means of 借助，靠；by turns 轮流；by mistake 由于疏忽；by no means 决不
3. Live with 和。。。住在一起；忍受
As a boy, he lived with his parents but now he has his own house. 小时侯，他与父母一起住，现在有了自己的家了。
I can’t change the situation so I’m going to have to learn to live with it. 我无法改变形式，因此我不得不学着去忍受。
相关词组：live by 以…为生 ；live on 以…为主食
4. get tested for HIV进行艾滋病毒检测
get/be lost 迷路； get/be married 结婚； get/be separated 分离； get/be injured 受伤
5. via a 经由，经过（through a place） We flew home via Dubai. 我们乘飞机经迪拜回国。
b 通过，凭借（ by means of a particular person, system, etc）
I heard about the sale via Jane. 我从简那里知道了大减价。
The news program came to us via satellite. 新闻节目是通过卫星传送到这里来的。
Listening Part 2
6. take/make notes of 记下，记录
take note of注意到；将。。。铭记在心 take note of what he says. 牢记他说的话。
take no notice of没注意到
Reading
7. be born dying 天生快要死去
be born+adj/n be born a musician/a poet=a born musician/poet天生的音乐家/诗人
Para 2
8．AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses. 艾滋病是一种破坏人的免疫系统，使人体对感染疾病没有抵抗能力的疾病。
break down意为： 打倒；破坏； 把。。。分类，划分； 使分解为。。。。。出故障；崩溃；如：
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。
The robbers broke the door down.强盗把门砸开了。
The peace talks are said to have broken down.据说和谈破裂了。
The car broke down halfway to the camp.车子在去营地的半路上抛锚了。
break的相关短语：
break the law 犯法 break out (战争、灾害)突然爆发
break into 破门而入 break up 打碎；拆散；(物理)分解
break the silence 打破沉寂 break in 打断(谈话)；突然闯入
break through 突破
break away from 摆脱(束缚)；克服(习惯)；脱离(政府)
break up 粉碎，破碎，结束，散开，解散，break sth up 拆开，打散，结束（关系等）关闭，
这里leave是使役动词，意为“留下/使……处于某种状态”，后接形容词、副词、分词作宾语补足语。如：
The window was left open. 窗子开着。
They went back home, leaving the work unfinished. 他们撂下未完成的工作回家了。
9. help (to)keep
相关词组：can’t help doing 忍不住干…can’t help to do sth不能帮忙做某事can’t help but do不得不干help sb with sth帮某人干help oneself to sth随便，自取…with the help of sb 在某人的帮助下
10. living, alive, live, lively用法辨析：
①living表示“活着的；逼真的”，指人或物，在句中作表语或前置定语。如：
A living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。
Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时，雪莱还活着。
He's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。
②alive多用作表语后置定语或宾语补足语，多用于人，表示“活着的；活的”。如：
Is she still alive? 她还活着吗？
They are the happiest children alive. 他们是当代最幸福的孩子。
An enemy officer was caught alive. 一名敌军官被活捉了。
③live作形容词时读作\[laiv\], 只用于物，作定语，表示“活的；活着的”、“现场直播的”。如：
This is a live fish. 这是一条活鱼。
It was a live broadcast, not a recording. 那是实况广播，不是录音广播。
alive亦可表示“（传统，习俗，机构）仍然存在着”的意思。如：
It was your way of keeping your marriage alive. 这是你保持婚姻不崩溃的办法。
(7)Ancient traditions are still very much alive in rural areas. 传统的习俗在农村地区仍很流行。
④lively读作[laivli]，在句中作表语或定语，表示“有生气的”、“活泼的”、“生动的”。如：
He has lively imagination. 他有丰富的想象力。
What lively colours! 多么鲜明的色彩。
He gave a lively description of the football game. 他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。
11. survive vi. 存活，生存 vt. 幸存，挺过 比。。。活得长
Para 3
12. People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV. 感染了HIV之后就会得爱滋病。
这里having been done 是动名词被动式的完成式。表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
I apologize for having made such a terrible mistake. I regret not having told her the truth.
The man in the corner confessed to ____a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told B be told C being told D having told
13. 动词contract的用法
▲动词contract在本课中作“染有（坏习惯等）”“染上（疾病）”“负债”解释。如：
He contracted an awful stomach complaint while he was traveling. 他旅游时患了严重的胃病。
He contracted huge debts by buying luxuries he could not afford. 他因购买买不起的奢侈品而债台高筑。
▲contract可作“订合同”“订契约”解释
The city council has contracted with White Company for the new library. 市政会已与怀特公司立约，由其承建这座新图书馆。
The builders have contracted for three new bridges this year. 建设者立约承建三座新桥。
▲contract的原意是“收缩”“缩小”。如：
Iron contracts as it gets cooler. 铁冷却时收缩。
Our business has contracted a lot recently. 我们的买卖最近萎缩了不少。
14. wish 引导的从句中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。
I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。
I wish I were a bird但愿我是只小鸟。
二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。
1. I wish I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。
例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案
三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词“would/should/could/might + 动词原形”(时间上较后)。 用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.我希望雨能停止。
2. I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。
3. You wished she would arrive the next day你希望她第二天会到。
4. I wish she would change her mind.我希望她会改变主意。
四）、注意：如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
15. lack一词的用法
lack在本课中作名词用，为不可数名词，后面常跟介词of。如：
Lack of rest made him tired. 缺乏休息使他疲劳。
I’ve got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep. 我睡眠不足，眼眶都发黑了。
Lack也可以作动词用，意为“缺乏”“缺少”“没有”，
I lack words with which to express my thanks. 我找不到话来表达我的谢意。
What you lack is perseverance. 他所缺少的是毅力。
They lacked a clear understanding of the problems. 他们对这问题缺乏清楚的认识。
16. as with 就象如同...的情况一样,如同...一样
As with the other production areas in the plant, safety and ecology are very important.
As with credit cards there is usually a 1.5% fee for obtaining cash, but no fee is added for purchases.
As with hiking, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes. 正如远足一样，你应该总是想到安全，穿好合适的衣服。
17. available可用到的”、“可利用的”、“有用的”、“接受探访的”，常与介词for连用。如：
Is the manager available? 经理在不在？
These tickets are available for one month. 这些票有效期一个月。
I'm sorry, those overcoats are not available in your color and size. 对不起,这种外套没有你要的颜色和尺码。
Attention, please. These tickets are available on the day of issue only. 请注意，这种车票仅仅在发售当天有效。
Nowadays there is a lot of information available on the internet. 如今，可到因特网上获取大量的信息。
18. persuade vt. 说服；劝服；使某人相信(（常与into, to或out of连用）。 （常与convince 换用， 不过persuade 的主要意思为“说服，劝说”； convince 主要意思是“使确信，信服”） 例如：Try to persuade him to let us go with him.试着说服他让我们跟他一起去。（persuade sb. to do sth.）
I allowed myself to be persuaded into entering the competition. 我搁不住人家的劝说，就参加了比赛。 （persuade sb into (doing ) sth）
It will be difficult to persuade them than there’s no other choice. 很难让他们相信别无选择。 （persuade sb that ）
Persuasion(n. ) , persuasive (adj. 有说服力的，令人信服的)
19. as if或as though引导的状语从句
as if或as though引导方式状语从句，意为“好像”，在这种状语从句中，常用虚拟语气，具体用法是：当从句所述的情况与现在事实相反时，动词用过去式，与过去事实相反时，用过去完成时。如：
(1)He looks as if he were a football player. 他看上去好像是足球运动员。
(2)He talked about Paris as if he had been there. 他谈起巴黎来好像他去过那里。
(3)The room looks as if it had been empty for years. 这房间看上去好几年没人住了。
(4)It seem as if it were spring already. 现在仿佛已经是春天了。
(5)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 这一切我记忆犹新，就像是昨天发生的事似的。
(6)He spoke to me as if he were an expert. 他对我讲起话来好像是专家似的。
【注】as if(though)从句的动作发生在主句动作之后时，用would+动词原形。如：
(7)It seems as if it would rain. 天似乎要下雨了。
Para 7
20. 注意这段中存在由that 引导的同位语从句和why 引导的定语从句
Integrating skills
21. Two weeks ago, Dr Richards had asked me a great many questions and taken samples of my blood. 两周前，Richards 医生问我许多问题并抽取我的血样。
a great(good) many相当于many，修饰名词复数形式，意为“许多；大量”。如：
I have a great many things to do today. 我今天有许多事情要做。
After a great many loud explosions, the race began. 在一连串喧闹的爆炸声之后,比赛开始了。
区别：(1) a great deal用作代词或副词，在句中作主语或状语。如：
A great deal has been said on this point. 关于这一点已经说很多了。
They still need a great deal more money to finish the project. 他们还需要一大笔钱来完成这个工程。
(2) a good deal of修饰不可数名词，意为“许多；大量”。如：
She spends a good deal of her time in Glasgow. 她的大部分时间是在格拉斯哥度过的。
Para 4
22. On the contrary, I now feel as if that was when my life really began. 相反，我现在觉得好像那才是我的生命真正开始之时。
on the contrary意为“与此相反”、“不是……而是”、“反之”。如：
- You must be tired. 你一定很累了。
- On the contrary, I feel wide awake. 相反, 我感觉很清醒。
(1) contrary 用作形容词，意为“相反的”、“相对的”、“格格不入的”。如：
Contrary to all advice he gave up his job and left for the south. 他不听任何劝告,放弃工作,去了南方。
Hot and cold are contrary terms. 热与冷是相反的词语。
Our sailing boat was delayed by contrary winds. 我们的帆船因逆风耽搁了。
(2) contrary用作名词，意为“反面”、“反义词”、“相反的事物”。如：
Cruelty is the contrary of kindness. 残忍是仁慈的反面。
He is neither tall nor the contrary. 他不高也不矮。
23. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that I will never be completely free from it. 我体内的癌症暂时被打败了，但是我知道我永远不会彻底摆脱它。
for the moment意为“暂时, 目前”，在句中作状语。如：
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment. 咱们继续执行目前达成一致的部分吧。
有关moment短语：
in a moment 立刻，立即; for a moment 一会儿；at any moment 随时；在任何时候；at the last moment 在最后关头；at the moment 此刻； (正当)那时；the moment 一……就
for the moment, for a moment, at the moment和in a moment
▲for the moment作“暂时”“目前”解释。如：
Stop discussing for the moment, please. 请暂停讨论。
We have to stay in the inn for the moment as the hotels around are full. 由于周围的旅馆都已满了，我们暂时只能待在小客栈里。
▲for a moment意为“片刻”“一会儿”。如：
For a moment I thought of playing truant. 我一时起了逃学的念头。
I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name. 我想了一会儿才记起他的名字。
▲at the moment,用于现在时中，意为“此刻”；用于过去时中，意为“那时”。如：
I’m busy at the moment. 我此刻很忙。
Our manager is having an interview with a newspaper reporter at the moment. 我们经理此刻正在接受记者来访。
▲in a moment意为“立即”“立刻”。如：
You go first. I’ll come in a moment. 你先走，我马上就来。
It was done in a moment. 一会儿就完成了。
Don’t go away, the bus will start in a moment. 别走开，汽车马上就要开了。
▲of the moment （人，工作，议题等）红极一时，盛行一时
She is the fashion designer of the moment. 她是目前最红的设计师。
be free from 意为“解除；没有……的”。如：
The old lady is never free from pain. 老妇人一直在受苦。
The secretary was free from all blame for the errors. 这些失误完全不能怪秘书。
Free 意思很多，请看以下例句：
Please feel free to interrupt me if you don’t understand anything. (无限制的，无约束的)
He gave me free access to his library. (无限制的，无约束的)
The prisoner wished to be free again. (自由的)
All the books were given away free. (免费的)
Free of charge 免费
The doctor will be free in 20 minutes, can you wait that long?(空闲的)
He’s free with his money. (慷慨的，大方的)
用适当的介词填空：
①Can you wait ____ a moment? ②I'm afraid she's not here ____ the moment.
③This organization is free ____ tax worldwide.
24. Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest. 癌症使我认识到了生命的可贵，认识到了抓紧时间充实生活的重要性。
（1）Living with cancer是动名词短语作主语
（2）感叹句本来应用陈述语序，在宾语从句中仍然用陈述语序。如：
What strange clothes he was wearing. 他穿的衣服多么怪异呀！
She said how nice it was of us to meet her at the airport. 她说我们到机场去接她真好。
（3）take chance意为“利用机会”、“碰碰运气”、“冒险”。如：
We will take the chances. 我们要冒这个险。
He is taking a chance by driving his car so fast. 他把车开得这么快是在冒险。
There is a chance that... 有……的可能; by chance 偶然地；chance of a lifetime 千载难逢的良机；by some chance 不知为啥；leave things to chance 听天由命, 听其自然
（4）to the full意为“充分地”、“十足地”。如：
She certainly lives life to the full. 当然她的日子过得很充实。
25. 语法
虚拟语气的三种句型是什么？
表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式(be的过去式用were)”,而主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+动词原形.”例如:
If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had +过去分词”,主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+have +过去分词”.例如:
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
表示与将来事实相反的假设时,条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同,或者条件从句中用“were to(should)+动词原形”.例如:
If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整.例如:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
一、虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
1.情态动词的过去式用于现在进行时，表示说话人谦虚，客气，有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常生活中。如：
Would you be kind enough to open the door? 请您把门打开，好吗？
2.用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea? 你想喝杯茶吗？I would rather not tell you. 我倒宁愿不告诉你。
3.用“may+动词原形”表示“祝愿”，may 必须置于句首。如：
May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ May you succeed! 祝你成功！
二、虚拟语气用于主语从句
在It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that...和It is desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)句型中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等。如：
It is necessary that we should clean the room every day. 我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
It will be suggested that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 建议她今天下午完成她的作业。
三、虚拟语气用于宾语从句
1.“I wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望。如:
I wish you could go with us. 我倒希望你们和我们一起走。
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 我们倒希望早两小时到那里。
2.动词command, demand, insist, order, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+动词原形”。如：
I suggest that we (should) have a meeting. 我建议我们开个会。
We insist that they (should) go with us. 我们坚持要他们和我们一起走。
注意：只有当insist作“坚持(认为)”，“坚持(应该)”，suggest作“建议”解时，从句的动作发生在谓语之后，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。当insist作“坚持”，suggest 作“暗示，表明”解时，宾语从句通常不用虚拟语气。如：
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 迈克坚持说他没有偷任何东西。
The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry. 他脸上的表情说明他很生气。
四、虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词与表语从句和同位语从句连用，其谓语动词一般要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”。例如：
We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们同意他的建议，去北京观光旅游。
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first. 我的看法是我们先做练习。
五、虚拟语气用于定语从句
在It is (high) time (that)...句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原形(should不能省略，be 用were)来表示，意为“早该”。例如：
It is (high) time we left (should leave). 我们该离开了。
It is high time we went to bed. 我们该睡觉了。
六、虚拟语气用于if only 引导的感叹句中
If only I had taken his advice. 我要是听他的话就好了。
If only I were a bird. 我如果是一只鸟就好了。
Unit 7 Living with disease 知识清单
Warming up
1. infect verb [vn] ~ sb/sth (______ sth) ______
It is not possible to infect another person through kissing. people infected with HIV
Mary's high spirits infected all the girls in the class.
All the tomato plants are infected with a virus.
Infected ______， infection n. ______； infectious adj. ______
an infected water supply______；to be exposed to infection ______ an ear / throat, etc. infection ______
2. by swimming _______________
相关词组：by accident=by chance ______；by means of ______；by turns ______；by mistake ______；by no means ______
3. Live with ______；______
As a boy, he lived with his parents but now he has his own house.
I can’t change the situation so I’m going to have to learn to live with it.
相关词组：live by ______ ；live on ______
4. get tested for HIV进行艾滋病毒检测
get/be lost； get/be married； get/be separated； get/be injured
5. via a ______（through a place） We flew home via Dubai.
b ______（ by means of a particular person, system, etc）
I heard about the sale via Jane.
The news program came to us via satellite.
Reading
6. be born dying 天生快要死去
be born+adj/n be born a musician/a poet=a born musician/poet
Para 2
7．AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses. 艾滋病是一种破坏人的免疫系统，使人体对感染疾病没有抵抗能力的疾病。
break down意为： a ______；b ______； c ______ d______；如：
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
The robbers broke the door down.
The peace talks are said to have broken down.
The car broke down halfway to the camp.
break的相关短语：
break the law ______ break out ______break into ______ break up ______
break the silence ______ break in ______break through______break away from ______
break up ______，break sth up ______
这里leave是使役动词，意为“______”，后接______, ______, ______作宾语补足语。如： The window was left open. They went back home, leaving the work unfinished.
8. help (to)keep _________
相关词组：can’t help doing _________…can’t help to do sth_________can’t help but do不_________; help sb with sth_________help oneself to sth_________…with the help of sb _________
9. living, alive, live, lively用法辨析：
①living表示“______”，指人或物，在句中作表语或______定语。如：
A living language should be learned orally. Shelly was still living when Keats died.
He's the living image of his father.
②alive多用作表语, ______定语或宾语补足语，多用于______，表示“______”。如：
Is she still alive?
They are the happiest children alive.
An enemy officer was caught alive.。
③live作形容词时读作[laiv], 只用于______，作______语，表示“______”、“______”。如： This is a live fish. It was a live broadcast, not a recording.
alive亦可表示“（传统，习俗，机构）______”的意思。如：
It was your way of keeping your marriage alive.
(7)Ancient traditions are still very much alive in rural areas.
④lively读作[laivli]，在句中作表语或定语，表示“______”。如：
He has lively imagination.
What lively colours!
He gave a lively description of the football game.
10. survive vi. ______ vt. ______
Para 3
11. People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV. 感染了HIV之后就会得爱滋病。
这里having been done 是动名词被动式的完成式。表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作______。如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
I apologize for having made such a terrible mistake. I regret not having told her the truth.
The man in the corner confessed to ____a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told B be told C being told D having told
12. 动词contract的用法
▲动词contract在本课中作“______”“ ______”“ ______”解释。如：
He contracted an awful stomach complaint while he was traveling.
He contracted huge debts by buying luxuries he could not afford.
▲contract可作“______”解释
The city council has contracted with White Company for the new library.
The builders have contracted for three new bridges this year.
▲contract的原意是“______”。如：
Iron contracts as it gets cooler. Our business has contracted a lot recently.
13. wish 引导的从句中的虚拟语气
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：
I wish I ______(know) the answer to the question.
I wish it ______(be ) spring in my hometown all the year around.
二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：
用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。
1. I wish I ______ so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。
2. He wishes he ______ the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。
三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：
从句动词“would/should/could/might + 动词原形”(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining. 2. I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。
3. You wished she would arrive the next day 4. I wish she would change her mind.
四）、注意：如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
Para 4
14. lack一词的用法
lack在本课中作名词用，为________名词，后面常跟介词________。如：
Lack of rest made him tired. I’ve got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep.
Lack也可以作动词用，意为“________”，
I lack words with which to express my thanks. What you lack is perseverance.
They lacked a clear understanding of the problems.
15. as with ________
As with the other production areas in the plant, safety and ecology are very important.
As with credit cards there is usually a 1.5% fee for obtaining cash, but no fee is added for purchases.
As with hiking, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.
Para 5
16. available可用到的”“可利用的”、“有用的”、“接受探访的”如：
Is the manager available? These tickets are available for one month.
I'm sorry, those overcoats are not available in your color and size.
Attention, please. These tickets are available on the day of issue only.
Nowadays there is a lot of information available on the internet.
Para 6
17. persuade vt. ________ （常与convince 换用， 不过persuade 的主要意思为“说服，劝说”； convince 主要意思是“使确信，信服”） 例如：
Try to persuade him to let us go with him.（persuade sb. to do sth.）
I allowed myself to be persuaded into entering the competition. （persuade sb into (doing ) sth）
It will be difficult to persuade them than there’s no other choice.（persuade sb that ）
Persuasion(n. ) , persuasive (adj. ________)
18. as if或as though引导的状语从句
as if或as though引导方式状语从句，意为“好像”，在这种状语从句中，常用虚拟语气，具体用法是：当从句所述的情况与现在事实相反时，动词用________，与过去事实相反时，用________。如： (1)He looks as if he were a football player. (2)He talked about Paris as if he had been there.
(3)The room looks as if it had been empty for years. (4)It seem as if it were spring already.
(5)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. (6)He spoke to me as if he were an expert.
【注】as if(though)从句的动作发生在主句动作之后时，用would+动词原形。如：
(7)It seems as if it would rain. 天似乎要下雨了。
Para 7
19. 注意这段中存在由that 引导的同位语从句和why 引导的定语从句
Integrating skills
Para 1
20. Two weeks ago, Dr Richards had asked me a great many questions and taken samples of my blood. 两周前，Richards 医生问我许多问题并抽取我的血样。
a great(good) many相当于many，修饰名词________数形式，意为“________”。如：
I have a great many things to do today.
After a great many loud explosions, the race began.
区别：(1) a great deal用作代词或副词，在句中作________语或________语。如：
A great deal has been said on this point.
They still need a great deal more money to finish the project.
(2) a good deal of修饰不可数名词，意为“________”。如：
She spends a good deal of her time in Glasgow.
Para 4
21. On the contrary, I now feel as if that was when my life really began. 相反，我现在觉得好像那才是我的生命真正开始之时。
on the contrary意为“________”、“不是……而是”、“反之”。如：
- You must be tired. - On the contrary, I feel wide awake.
(1) contrary 用作形容词，意为“________”、“________”、“格格不入的”。如：
Contrary to all advice he gave up his job and left for the south. Hot and cold are contrary terms.
Our sailing boat was delayed by contrary winds.
(2) contrary用作名词，意为“________”、“反义词”、“相反的事物”。如：
Cruelty is the contrary of kindness. He is neither tall nor the contrary.
22. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that I will never be completely free from it. 我体内的癌症暂时被打败了，但是我知道我永远不会彻底摆脱它。
for the moment意为“________”，在句中作状语。如：
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment.
有关moment短语：
in a moment ________; for a moment________；at any moment________；at the last moment ________；at the moment ________；the moment ________
for the moment, for a moment, at the moment和in a moment 辨析
▲for the moment作“________”解释。如：
Stop discussing for the moment, please.
We have to stay in the inn for the moment as the hotels around are full.
▲for a moment意为“________”。如：
For a moment I thought of playing truant. I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name.
▲at the moment,用于现在时中，意为“________”；用于过去时中，意为“________”。如：
I’m busy at the moment.
Our manager is having an interview with a newspaper reporter at the moment.
▲in a moment意为“________”。如：
You go first. I’ll come in a moment. It was done in a moment.
Don’t go away, the bus will start in a moment.
▲of the moment （人，工作，议题等）________
She is the fashion designer of the moment.
be free from 意为“________”。如：
The old lady is never free from pain. The secretary was free from all blame for the errors.
Free 意思很多，请看以下例句：
Please feel free to interrupt me if you don’t understand anything. (____________)
He gave me free access to his library. (____________)
The prisoner wished to be free again. (____________)
All the books were given away free. (____________)
Free of charge ____________
The doctor will be free in 20 minutes, can you wait that long?( ____________)
He’s free with his money. (____________)
用适当的介词填空：
①Can you wait ____ a moment? ②I'm afraid she's not here ____ the moment.
③This organization is free ____ tax worldwide.
23. Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest. 癌症使我认识到了生命的可贵，认识到了抓紧时间充实生活的重要性。
（1）Living with cancer是动名词短语作________
（2）感叹句本来应用陈述语序，在宾语从句中仍然用陈述语序。 如：
What strange clothes he was wearing. 他穿的衣服多么怪异呀！
She said how nice it was of us to meet her at the airport. 她说我们到机场去接她真好。
（3）take chance意为“________”。如：
We will take the chances. He is taking a chance by driving his car so fast.
There is a chance that... ________; by chance ________；chance of a lifetime ________；by some chance ________；leave things to chance ________
（4）to the full意为“________”。如：
She certainly lives life to the full.
24. 语法
虚拟语气的三种句型是什么？
1. 表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“________”,而主句中的谓语动词用________“例如:
If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用”________“,主句中的谓语动词用”________“.例如:
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
表示与将来事实相反的假设时,条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词怀”表示与现在事实相反的假设“的谓语动词相同,或者条件从句中用”________“.例如:
If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整.例如:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (从句说的是过去,主句指的是现在.)
一、虚拟语气在简单句中的应用
1.情态动词的过去式用于现在进行时，表示说话人谦虚，客气，有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常生活中。如：
Would you be kind enough to open the door? 请您把门打开，好吗？
2.用于一些习惯表达法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea? 你想喝杯茶吗？ I would rather not tell you. 我倒宁愿不告诉你。
3.用“may+动词原形”表示“祝愿”，may 必须置于句首。如：
May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ May you succeed! 祝你成功！
二、虚拟语气用于主语从句
在It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that...和It is desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)句型中，谓语动词的虚拟语气结构用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等。如：
It is necessary that we should clean the room every day.
It will be suggested that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
三、虚拟语气用于宾语从句
1.“I wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望。如:
I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.动词command, demand, insist, order, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+动词原形”。如：
I suggest that we (should) have a meeting. We insist that they (should) go with us.
注意：只有当insist作“坚持(认为)”，“坚持(应该)”，suggest作“________”解时，从句的动作发生在谓语之后，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。当insist作“________”，suggest 作“________”解时，宾语从句通常不用虚拟语气。如：
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry.
四、虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句
advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名词与表语从句和同位语从句连用，其谓语动词一般要用虚拟语气的结构“________”。例如：
We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们同意他的建议，去北京观光旅游。
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first. 我的看法是我们先做练习。
五、虚拟语气用于定语从句
在It is (high) time (that)...句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原形(should不能省略，be 用were)来表示，意为“早该”。例如：
It is (high) time we left (should leave). It is high time we went to bed.
六、虚拟语气用于if only 引导的感叹句中
If only I had taken his advice. If only I were a bird.
Reading:
1. in store（1）in store 就要到来，必将发生
Who knows what the future has in store for us? 谁知道我们将来注定如何？
（2）in store 也有储存着，备用的意思 eg:
The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at the end. 那赛跑的人为最后冲刺贮存精力。
2 probable, maybe, likely, possible, perhaps的区别？
（1）三者均表可能性，但意思有别。possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；probable可能性最大，有“较为可能、大概”，指有实际依据；likely是从外表迹象判断有可能发生的事，比较主观。
It’s possible, though not probable, that he will come tomorrow. 他明天可能来，但也不一定准来。
She is likely to ring me tonight. 今晚她很可能给我来电话。
（2）possible 不能用人作主语。possible 常用于下列句型：
It is possible to do sth. It is possible for sb. to do sth. It is possible that …
eg: Is it possible to say so?可能这样说吗？ It is possible for me to do it. 我可能做那件事。
（3）probable 也不能用人作主语。一般只用于下面句型中：
It is probable that … eg: It is probable that he will come. 他很可能要来。
（4）likely 既可用人作主语，也可用物作主语。通可用于“It is likely that …”句型中。 eg:
He is likely to come. = It is likely that he will come.
他可能要来。但不能说：It is likely for him to come.
（5）impossible, improbable, unlikely 用法与上述类似。
其中maybe perhaps是副词
3 It’s home to ： home: n. “ 所在地,大本营, 根据地, 发源地”.
It is home to… ……之家;……的生息地；……发源地
丛林是老虎的生息地。The jungle is home to tigers.
It’s the home of 也可以
4 grasp: v 1)抓住；紧握
I grasped the cat by the back of its neck.我抓住了猫的后脖颈。grasp sb. by the arm
2)（与at连用）急切地接受
3)领会；明白to grasp sb.'s meaning懂某人的意思
Grasp all, lose all. 谚）样样都要，全数失掉．
n. 1)抓，紧握I kept her hand in my grasp.我紧握她的手。
2)（能力所及的）范围，限度Success is within his grasp.成功垂手可得。
3)（与of连用）控制力；控制to be in the grasp of an enemy在敌人的控制之下
4)了解；明白；掌握to have a thorough grasp of a subject对某一题目有深刻的了解。
5短语：beyond/within a person’s grasp 为某人所不能/能抓到的；为某人所不能/能理解的。
catch, grasp, seize 与snatch
catch是普通用语，用“设法抓住，捉住”的意思； grasp表示牢牢地“抓住”；seize指“突然用力抓住使不逃脱”；snatch 表示迅速的拉扯动作、出其不意地“抓取”。 eg:
The police caught the thief as he ran. 小偷逃跑时被警察抓住了。
He grasped his gun and rushed out. 他抓起枪就冲了出去。
He seized the gun from the enemy soldier. 他从敌人士兵手中夺过了枪。
The thief snatched her handbag and ran off. 小偷抢走了她的手提包就跑了。
5 master: vt. , vi (1) vt. ①become the master of; overcome 成为……的主人；征服；控制
eg: master one’s temper/feelings 控制脾气/感情
It’s difficult to master nature. 征服大自然是困难的。
②gain as a skill 精通；熟练 eg:
master English 精通英语 master foreign affairs 精通外交事务
He never mastered the art of the public speaking. 他从未掌握当众演讲的艺术。
(2)n. ①man who has others working for him 主人，雇主
②male head of a household 家里的男主人
③大师；名家
④male teacher 男教师 eg: the master of the house 一家之长 the maths master 数学教师
5)硕士a master’s degree 硕士学位 a master’s degree 硕士学位 a doctor’s degree 博士学位 a bachelor’s degree 学士学位
又如：Master of Arts 文学硕士 Doctor of Law 法学博士 Bachelor of Science 理学学士
6 arrange:v.
(1)put in order 安排；排列；布置 eg:
She is good at arranging flowers. 她擅长插花。
Before going away, he arranged his business affairs. 他离开之前，他把业务都安排好了。
(2)make plans in advance 预做计划 eg:
The Tourist Bureau arranged everything for our journey to Rome. 旅游局为我们去罗马的旅行准备了一切。
(3)arrange+ n. +for +n. 为……安排…… eg:
Mother arranged an appointment for me with the dentist. 母亲替我向牙医预约挂号。
(4)arrange sb. to do … 安排某人做…… eg:
I have arranged him to met her. 我安排他和她见面。
(5)arrange with sb. to do … 约定与某人做…… eg:
We arranged with his team to play a game of baseball. 我们约好和他们队打一场棒球。
(6)arrange that … 商定，安排。 eg:
He arranged that the meeting (should) be put off for a week. = He arranged for the meeting to be put off for a week. 他安排把会议延后一周召开。
7 set foot in/ on: 进入；踏上She said she wouldn’t set foot in the room until it had been properly cleaned. 她说直到这屋子收拾好了她才住进去。
No man has ever set foot on that deserted island. 没有人曾光顾过那个荒芜的岛。
on (one's) feet:
1)Standing up:站立着：Rise to one’s foot
The crowd was on its feet for the last ten seconds.人群都站立着渡过了最后的十秒钟
2)Fully recovered, as after an illness or convalescence:
康复：疾病或渐愈之后完全康复：
The patient is on her feet again.病人复原了
set up开办建立 /set aside搁置 /set out出门/set off出发/set down放下 /set about着手
8 base sth. in/at 把．．．设在 base sth. on/upon 以．．．为基础
base n.底部, 根据地, 基地, 本部, 基础（物体基础）
That company has offices all over the world, but their base is in Paris.
这个公司的办事处遍布全世界，但本部在巴黎。
那家银行的总部设在伦敦 That bank’s head office is based in London.
vt.：形成…的基础，提供…的基础：
based the new company in Portland.在波特兰设立公司
2）To find a basis for; establish:以…为基础：发现…的基础；建立，创立：（与on, upon连用）根据；基于
One should always base one\'s opinions on facts. 意见应以事实为根据。
这个故事是以事实为基础的. This story is based on facts.
based her conclusions on the report; a film based on a best-selling novel.
根据报告作为她的结论；一部以畅销小说为题材的影片
Advertisements based on these facts have been printed in newspapers and magazines but have not helped much.根据这些情况拟定的广告词登载在报纸和杂志上,但是效果不大。
Basis:1)基础（非物质方面）；根据What is the basis of your opinion?你的观点的根据是什么？
2)主要部分The basis of this drink is orange juice.这种饮料的主要成分是橘子汁。
A tall building must have a very wide and stable base.
The basis of friendship is mutual trust and respect.
9 effect: n. 1)have a good/positive/negative/immediate effect on sb./sth.
2) in effect (A)实质上；本质上：He is, in effect, my rival.实际上他是我的竞争对手。
(B)正在实行The old system is still in effect.旧制度仍有效。
3)bring sth into effect : bring a new law into effect
4)come into effect : The new law will come into effect.
5)take effect: The medicine quickly took effect. 药很快见效了
6)side effect: Does this drug have any side effects?
Affect: v.
10. rely on／upon sb./ sth.: =depend on 指望或依靠某人/某事物
现今人们越来越依靠计算机协助工作.Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help.
rely on one’s doing/rely sb. to do sth. rely on it that…
我指望她来还钱I rely on her paying back the money.(=I rely on her to pay back the money.)
你可以相信他会来看你的You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.
11 As Yufang puts(=say) it: “We are not making that(=so) much money yet, but we are excited about all the new technology and great ideas that are coming to life in Zhongguancun.”
as sb. puts it…正如某人所说．．．put vt. 表达，表述
我想知道这个用法语怎么说. I want to know how to put this in French.
come to life: 苏醒；恢复生气 eg:
We all thought he was drowned, but after an hour’s artificial respiration he came back to life. 我们都以为他淹死了，但经过一小时的人工呼吸后，他又苏醒了。
When I told the students the good news, they all came to life. 当我告诉学生们这个好消息时，他们都活跃起来了。
Integrating skills
1. Since the early 1990s, China has been enjoying a boom in scientific and technological development.
a) boom: (人口,贸易等的)突然增加,繁荣昌盛时期,
石油市场欣欣向荣 The oil market is enjoying a boom.
中国的出口发展迅速.The year is a boom year for China’s exports.
b) boom: V. “处于经济快速发展时期”商业正在迅速发展. Business is booming.
2. In 1995, the Chinese government put forward a plan for “rejuvenating the nation by replying on science and education.
1) rejuvenate: v. “使年轻;使复原; 是恢复精神;使恢复活力”
新的希望又使他充满活力. He is rejuvenated by new hope.
我度假之后感到有了精神. I feel rejuvenated after a holiday.
rejuvenate 一般用于被动语态.
3. put forward 提出主意,计划她提出一个新计划 She put forward a new plan.
4. The CSA, the Chinese Space Agency, has developed the highly successful Long March rocket series.
1) series 一系列的事物
他们决定出版一套新的英语学习读物.
They decided to publish a new series of reading materials for students of English.
2)电视系列节目, 电视连续剧
3) 一套邮票
5. ., Chinese scientists announced that they had completed mapping out their part of the international human genome project, proving that Chinese scientists are among the world’s best.
announce vt.宣布, 通告announcement n.宣告, 发表, 一项公告, 一项私人告示
It has been announce d that Mr. A and Miss B will be married next week.
已正式宣布A先生与B小姐将于下星期结婚。
declare1）正式地公告；布告；宣告；声明
to declare war 宣战
to declare the result of election 公布选举结果
2）申报（例如，可纳税品）Have you anything to declare?你有要申报纳税的物品吗？
proving that Chinese scientists are among the world’s best.: 现在分词作状语, 表示伴随或结果
杰克离开了房间, 把他妻子孤零零留在那里 Jack left the room, leaving his wife there alone.
他没有和她争辩,知道争辩也没用. He didn’t argue wither, knowing it would be useless.
总的来说,现在分词作状语,主要用在书面语中,在口语重视用其他结构更多些.
6.China has long been a leader in the field of genetic research aimed at improving agriculture.
Aim: to intend:
1)aim to do: I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.
2)We are aiming for (= planning to achieve) a 50% share of the German market.
3)aim at ①瞄准,对准你瞄的不准.
②(向某方面)努力;力争她争取获得奖学金She’s aiming at a scholar ship.
③针对某人我的话并非针对你 My remarks were not aimed at you.
7 deadly: adj.1)致命的
Fog is the sailor's deadly enemy.雾是航海者最致命的敌人。
2)势不两立的， 殊死的
3)极度的，非常的deadly haste至急
4)死一般的a dead paleness如死人般的苍白
Adv.极度地；非常地deadly dull极为枯燥无味
Unit 11知识清单
1. in store _____________;__________
Who knows what the future has in store for us?
The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at the end.
2 probable, maybe, likely, possible, perhaps的区别？
（1）三者均表可能性，但意思有别。possible指客观上有可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味；另外，不能用人作主语。probable可能性最大，有“较为可能、大概”，指有实际依据；likely是从外表迹象判断有可能发生的事，比较主观。 possible 常见句型：It is possible to do sth. It is possible for sb. to do sth. It is possible that …
eg: Is it possible to say so?可能这样说吗？ It is possible for me to do it. 我可能做那件事。
It’s ________, though not ________, that he will come tomorrow. 他明天可能来，但也不一定准来。
She is _________ to ring me tonight. 今晚她很可能给我来电话。
2）probable 也不能用人作主语。一般只用于下面句型中：
It is probable that … eg: It is probable that he will come. 他很可能要来。
3）likely 既可用人作主语，也可用物作主语。通可用于“It is likely that …”句型中。 eg:
He is likely to come. = It is likely that he will come.
他可能要来。但不能说：It is likely for him to come.
（5）impossible, improbable, unlikely 用法与上述类似。
其中maybe perhaps是副词
3 It’s home to ： home: n. “ _________ _________ ”.
The jungle is home to tigers.（也可以说：It’s the home of）
4 grasp: v 1)___________ grasp sb. by the arm
I grasped the cat by the back of its neck.
2)（与at连用）急切地接受
3)___________ to grasp sb.'s meaning
Grasp all, lose all. 谚）样样都要，全数失掉．
n. 1)抓，紧握I kept her hand in my grasp.
2)（能力所及的）范围，限度Success is within his grasp.
3)（与of连用）控制力；控制to be in the grasp of an enemy
4)了解；明白；掌握to have a thorough grasp of a subject
5短语：beyond/within a person’s grasp
catch, grasp, seize 与snatch
catch是普通用语，用“设法抓住，捉住”的意思； grasp表示牢牢地“抓住”；seize指“突然用力抓住使不逃脱”；snatch 表示迅速的拉扯动作、出其不意地“抓取”。 eg:
The police __________ the thief as he ran. 小偷逃跑时被警察抓住了。
He _________ his gun and rushed out. 他抓起枪就冲了出去。
He __________ the gun from the enemy soldier. 他从敌人士兵手中夺过了枪。
The thief ________ her handbag and ran off. 小偷抢走了她的手提包就跑了。
5 master: vt. , vi master one’s temper/feelings 控制脾气/感情
It’s difficult to master nature. master English ; master foreign affairs ; He never mastered the art of the public speaking.;
n. ① male head of a household 家里的______ ②大师；名家 ③the maths master _______
④ a master’s degree ________ 引申：a doctor’s degree 博士学位 a bachelor’s degree 学士学位
又如：Master of Arts 文学硕士 Doctor of Law 法学博士 Bachelor of Science 理学学士
6 arrange:v. She is good at arranging flowers.
Before going away, he arranged his business affairs.
The Tourist Bureau arranged everything for our journey to Rome.
We arranged with his team to play a game of baseball.
He arranged that the meeting (should) be put off for a week. = He arranged for the meeting to be put off for a week.
7 set foot in/ on: _________
She said she wouldn’t set foot in the room until it had been properly cleaned.
No man has ever set foot on that deserted island.
on (one's) feet:_____：(Rise to one’s foot)
The crowd was on its feet for the last ten seconds.
2)Fully recovered, as after an illness or convalescence:
康复：疾病或渐愈之后完全康复：The patient is on her feet again.病人复原了
set up_______ /set aside_______ /set out_______/set off_______/set down_______ /set about_______
8 base sth. in/at 把．．．设在 base sth. on/upon 以．．．为基础
base n.底部, 根据地, 基地, 本部, 基础（物体基础）
That company has offices all over the world, but their base is in Paris.
That bank’s head office is based in London.
vt.：形成…的基础，以…为基础based the new company in Portland.
One should always base one\'s opinions on facts.
Basis:1)基础（非物质方面）；根据What is the basis of your opinion?
2)主要部分The basis of this drink is orange juice.
A tall building must have a very wide and stable base.
The basis of friendship is mutual trust and respect.
9 effect: n. 1)have a good/positive/negative/immediate effect on sb./sth.
2) in effect______; ___________
He is, in effect, my rival. The old system is still in effect.
3)bring sth into effect : bring a new law into effect
4)come into effect : The new law will come into effect.
5)take effect: The medicine quickly took effect. 药很快见效了
6)side effect: Does this drug have any side effects?
Affect: vt. _______
10. rely on／upon sb./ sth.: =depend on __________
Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help.
I rely on _______________ the money.我指望她来还钱。
You may rely on it that he will come to meet you.
12 As Yufang puts(=say) it: “We are not making that(=so) much money yet, but we are excited about all the new technology and great ideas that are coming to life in Zhongguancun.”
as sb. puts it…正如某人所说．．．put vt. 表达，表述
I want to know how to put this in French.
come to life: ___________
We all thought he was drowned, but after an hour’s artificial respiration he came back to life.
When I told the students the good news, they all came to life.
Integrating skills
1. Since the early 1990s, China has been enjoying a boom in scientific and technological development.
a) boom: _______________
The oil market is enjoying a boom. The year 2003 is a boom year for China’s exports.
b) boom: V. ___________ Business is booming.
2. In 1995, the Chinese government put forward a plan for “rejuvenating the nation by replying on science and education.
1) rejuvenate: v. “______________; ______________
He is rejuvenated by new hope. I feel rejuvenated after a holiday.
rejuvenate 一般用于被动语态.
3. put forward _____________ She put forward a new plan.
4. The CSA, the Chinese Space Agency, has developed the highly successful Long March rocket series. 1) series __________ They decided to publish a new series of reading materials for students of English.
2)电视系列节目, 电视连续剧
3) 一套邮票
5. 2001, Chinese scientists announced that they had completed mapping out their part of the international human genome project, proving that Chinese scientists are among the world’s best.
announce vt.宣布, 通告announcement n.宣告, 发表, 一项公告, 一项私人告示
declare1）正式地公告；布告；宣告；声明; 申报（例如，可纳税品）
It has been ___________ that Mr. A and Miss B will be married next week.
已正式宣布A先生与B小姐将于下星期结婚。
to __________ war 宣战 to _________ the result of election 公布选举结果
Have you anything to _________?你有要申报纳税的物品吗？
6.China has long been a leader in the field of genetic research aimed at improving agriculture.
Aim: aim to do: I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35.
We are aiming for (= planning to achieve) a 50% share of the German market.
3)aim at ①瞄准,对准你瞄的不准.
②(向某方面)努力;力争她争取获得奖学金She’s aiming at a scholar ship.
③针对某人我的话并非针对你 My remarks were not aimed at you.
7 deadly: adj.1)___________ Fog is the sailor's deadly enemy.
2)势不两立的， 殊死的
3)极度的，非常的 deadly haste至急
4)死一般的 a deadly paleness如死人般的苍白
Adv.极度地；非常地deadly dull极为枯燥无味
UNIT 11 过关练习
1 . He is the only driver ______ for the journey.
A. possible B. probable C. possibly D. likely
2 Having decided to rent a flat, we _____to contact all the accommodation agencies in the city.
A. set about B. set down C. set out D. set up
3 I was advised to arrange for insurance _____ I needed medical treatment.
A. although B. incase C. so that D. if only
4 The professor could hardly find enough grounds ______ his arguments in favor of the new theory.
A．to be based on B．to base on C．which to base on D．on which to base
5.The new appointment of our headmaster ______ from the very beginning of the next semester.
A. takes effect B. takes place C. takes turns D. takes part
6. If you ___________ a mistake in reviewing the report, please bring it to my attention.
A. come along B. come across C. come around D. come about
7. --- Not getting that job was a big bet down. ---Don’t worry. Something better will .
A. come along B. take on C. go by C. fall behind
8. Our English teacher _____ by the teachers and students.
A. is good thought of B. is thought high of C. is sung highly praise for D. is spoken highly of
9.When the famous scientist was making a speech, many eyes were________ on him.
A. set B. centered C. fixed D. aimed
10 Whether this work of art is valuable remains ____________.
A. to prove B. proving C. to be proved D. proved
11 We had thought the examination would be difficult, but it easy.
A．turned B．came C．appeared D．proved
12. We’ll never forget the ____Premier Chou Enlai. A. late B. dead C. past D. deadly
13．The adverbial phrase ”every day“ has ____ space between _____ two words.
A. the; the B. a; the C. 不填; the D. 不填； 不填
14 Yang Liwei is _____ first Chinese who has _____ experience of traveling in space.
A. 不填; 不填 B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. the; an
15．- The young man is good at a lot of things but you can’t say he is ________ .
- I agree with you. Actually no one is.
A. wonderful B. splendid C. perfect D. complete
16.1) I wrote him a letter and suggested ____ the meeting ____.
A. to put ; away B. to put ; off C. putting ; off D. putting ; away
17 Once you are contracted with the disease, you will never hope to ______ the virus and sufferings from it all your life.
A. be free from B. avoid C. defeat D. cure
18 I don’t doubt _______ the medicine is _______ effect for cancer.
A. that, a cure of B. if, cure of C. how, a cure for D. that, cure for
19 Such ________ the case, I couldn't help but________ him.
A. being; support B. is; to support C. has been; supporting D. be; supported
20---If you like the new house, I suggest you buying it.
---But it”s really too expensive. I can”t______ it. A. get B. afford C. supply D. support
1-5 ACBDA 6-10 BADCC 11-15 DABDC 16-20 CAAAB 21-22
21. Some hospitals allow patients to keep their own blood______ several weeks in advance of surgery. A. in general B. in store C. at stake D. at ease
22. What he's saying is that they play away quite happily, not realizing what's _____for them in the rest of their lives. A. in general B. in store C. at stake D. at ease
23. I’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than ________ a room with someone else.
A. share B. to share C. sharing D. to have shared
24. ---Do you understand what I said? ---I didn’t ____ the last two words.
A. grasp B. catch C. seize D. follow
25. Every day the boy, together with his classmates, ______ to go to the sports ground and ______ football, ______ themselves.
A. are noticed, play, enjoying B. is noticed, plays, enjoying
C. are noticed, plays, enjoys D. is noticed, play, enjoying
26. _____ back to life, the sailor found all his things _____at sea.
A．Having come; missing B．Coming; lost
C．Having come; going D．Coming; missed
27. He will _____ our class to sing at the school singing contest.
A. take place of B. stand for C. represent D. representative of
28. My English teacher usually _____ the students into pairs to practice using new vocabulary.
A．breaks out B．breaks through C．breaks up D．breaks down
29. The Chinese Space Agency has developed the __ successful Long March rocked series.
A. highly B. heavily C. even D. much
30. _____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.
A. That B. As C. It D. Which
31. I’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than ________ a room with someone else.
A. share B. to share C. sharing D. to have shared
32. Red is usually ____ danger so traffic lights include red ones.
A. marked with B. lined with C. related with D. associated with
21-25 BBABD 26-30 BCCAB 31-32 AD
Warming-up
Lead-in:
In order to decorate our classroom, we have several paintings to choose from. Now I’d like you to look at the paintings in this unit. (p2 and p44)
Which would you like to put up on the walls of our classroom? And why? What kind of the style for each painting?
Important points:
1. include v. including prep.
Eg. Thirty people, including six children, went to visit the factory.
== Thirty people, six children included, went to visit the factory.
(介词短语including six children可用独立主格结构six children included替换，
即including sb.=sb. included)
2. painting n.(油，水彩) 画 paint v.（用颜料）画
drawing n.(素描) 画 draw v.（用线条）勾画
3.abstract adj.抽象的，深奥的 n.摘要（of）
v.摘录，提取，分离（from）
(perfect adj./v increase v./n. conduct v./n.)
an abstract painting 抽象画 abstract noun 抽象名词
abstract…from…从…中提取
in the abstract 抽象地，一般性地
eg. Beauty is abstract but a house is not.
eg. Salt can be abstracted from sea water.
eg. I like dogs in the abstract, but I can’t bear this one.
4.What would you rather do … 你更愿意做什么…
Pre-reading (说课p94)
Reading
Scanning:
1. What were the artists interested in from 5 th to 15 th century AD?
They are interested in creating respect and love for God.
2. How did Masaccio paint his paintings?
He drew things in perspective(透视画法), which make picture very realistis.
3. Why did the impressionists have to paint quickly?
Because natural light changes quickly, they had to paint quickly.
Skimming
Name of Ages Time Artist Feature
The Middle Ages 5th to 15th century AD Giotto di Bondone religious, realistic
The Renaissance 15th to16th century AD Masaccio perspective, realistic
Impressionism late 19th to early 20th century detailed, ridiculous
Modern Art 20th century to today controversial, absreact, realistic
Important points:
1. influence v.& n. 影响（力）；有影响（之人或物）
have an influence on/upon… 对…有影响
have influence over/with… 对…有影响力
under the influence of 受…所影响，受…所左右
eg. The weather in summer influences the rice crops.
eg. He has no influence over his children.
2. belief n.相信；信念；信仰；信心 believe v.
belief-believe life-live proof-prove safe-save thief-thieve
beyond believe 难以置信
have belief in… 对…有信心
It’s one’s belief that- 某人相信
to the best of one’s belief （某人）深信
eg. My belief is that he will win. 我确信他会赢。
eg. Her belief in God is very firm. 她对上帝的信仰很坚定。
3. consequently adv. 所以；因而(as a result)
consequent adj. 作为结果的；随之发生的；由..引起（on）
consequence n.结果；后果；重要性
as a consequence of 作为…的结果 in consequence of 作为…的结果
be of no consequence to sb. 对…无关紧要
take/bear/suffer the consequence of one’s action 承担行动的后果
eg. As a/In consequence of your laziness and rudeness, I am forced to dismiss you.
由于你的懒惰和粗野，我不得不辞退你。
eg. It’s of no consequence to me.
eg. You made the wrong decision, and now you must take the consequences.
eg. Severe flooding was consequent on the heavy rain. 大洪水是由大雨所致。
4. …starting from the 5th century AD. 分词短语做方式状语
eg. Please translate the following sentences, using the words and phrases you have learnt.
5. …the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes.(不定式作表语)
aim n.目标；目的；瞄准 v.瞄准；努力 aimless adj. 没有目标
take aim at 瞄准
achieve one’s aim 达到某人的目标
aim to do sth. 意欲/力求做某事
aim (sth.) at sb./sth. （用某物）瞄准某人/某物
be aimed at 目标是；目的是
eg. What’s your aim in life? 你人生的目标是什么？
eg. He aimed the gun at a bird. 他用枪瞄准鸟。
6. …by the 13th century
by prep. 在…之前，不迟于…
（“by+过去时间”常与过去完成时连用；“by+将来时间”常与将来完成时连用）
eg. I had learnt eight thousand words by the end of last month.
eg. By the time this letter reaches you I will have left the country.
7. value n.价值；（pl.）价值观 v.给…估价
be of great(some, little, no) value to… 对…有很大（一些，几乎没有，没有）价值
put great value on sth. 认为某事十分有益
go up/rise/increase in value 升值
go down/fall/drop in value 贬值
cultural/social/moral values 文化/社会/道德观念
valuable adj. 有价值的；重要的
valueless adj. (worthless) invaluable adj. (priceless)
8. take the place of 替代，取代（replace）
take one’s place 入座，就位（当one与主语指同一人时）；代替某人的职位
in the place of 代替；取代（instead of）
take place 发生；被举行（无变动）
eg. Please take your place. From now on I will take the place of Mr. Li as chairman of the meeting.
9. focus v. 使聚焦；使集中 n. 焦点
focus sth. on sth. 聚焦于；集中于
in focus 焦点对准的；清晰的
out of focus 焦点未对准的； 模糊不清的
eg. All our eyes were focused on the speaker. 大家的目光都集中在发言人身上。
10. possession n. 所有；占有；（pl.）所有物；财产
possess v.占有；拥有
possessor n. 所有人；持有人
personal possessions 个人财产
in possession of 占有；拥有；持有 (主语是人，拥有某物)
in sb’s possession/in the possession of sb.
为某人所有； 在某人的控制下(主语是物，为某人所有)
come into possession of sth. / take possession of sth. 占有某物
eg. He was found in possession of some dangerous drugs.
== Some dangerous drugs were found in the possession of him / in his possession.
eg. The soldiers took possession of the enemy’s base.
11. in perspective 用透视画法 perspective n. 透视画法；透视图；观点
12. convince vt 使确信；使信服
convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
convince sb. of sth. / that- 使某人相信
be convinced. of sth. / that- 相信
eg. It took many hours to convince John of his wife’s mistake.
eg. We convinced Anne to go by train rather than plane.
eg. It’s hard to convince my family that we can’t afford a new car
eg. I am convinced that he is telling the truth.
13. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, people would not have been able to paint such realistic pictures. (if条件句中表过去情况的虚拟语气)
14. a great deal 大量；很多（a lot, much）
修饰不’ 修饰可’ 修饰可’+不’
much a large/great number of a lot of/lots of
a great/good deal of large/great numbers of a large quantity of
a great amount of a great/good many large quantities of
dozens of(几十) plenty of
scores of(几十)
15. mostly adv. 大部分地；主要地（mainly, largely）
most n.大部分；最大程度（作主，宾） adj. 大多数的（表） adv. 最，极其，非常（状）
eg. Most students say that it is a most (a very) interesting book, but it isn’t the most (最高级)interesting they’ve read, and that they read such books mostly on weekends. .
16. be accepted as… 被认为是…
17. nowadays adv 现今；如今 Nowadays many people travel by air
18. scores of 许多的；大量的；几十的（修饰复数名词时，不与数词连用）
eg. I have been there scores of times.
score n. （比赛）比分；（测试）分数；二十
three score (of) years 六十年 (表示“二十”时与数词连用，不加s)
scores of years 许多年
与dozen用法类似
19. …but without the impressionists many of these painting styles would not exist….
without the impressionist介词短语相当于一虚拟条件句 if there were not the impressionists…
20. attempt vt.& n. 尝试；努力；企图
(attempt比try更正式,且attempt 暗含不成功)
attempt a difficult problem 试着解答难题
attempt to do sth 试图做某事
make an attempt to do/at doing sth. 试图做某事
21. …using colour, line and shape to represent them. (现在分词作伴随或方式状语)
eg. He often went running to school.
22. on the other hand 另一方面，反过来说（状）
on (the) one hand 一方面
on hand 现有的，手头上的，即将发生的
Comprehending
Learning about language
1. historical adj. 历史（上）的；史学的
historic adj. 历史性的；具有历史意义的
a historical event 历史事件 a historic event 历史性事件
2. at (the) least 至少，最低限度 at (the) most 至多，最多
eg. A child must sleep at least eight hours a day.
eg. I can give you 20 dollars at most.
3.doubt n.& v.(作 v.时，肯定句可用whether/if/that引导，否定句只用that引导)
no doubt 很可能，无疑 in doubt 怀疑，不肯定
There is no doubt of&about sth./ that-- 毫无疑问…
There is doubt whether- 令人怀疑…
eg. There is no doubt that he is honest./of his honesty.
eg. He doubted whether they would be able to help. 他拿不准他们是否能够帮忙。
eg. I doubt (that) he will come to the meeting. 认为他未必会来
4. refer to 指，说（某事）
eg. Are you referring to me?
refer…to… ①提交，上呈；②引..去查询、参考
refer to ①查询，参考②提及，涉及，指
eg. The teacher often refers her pupils to this dictionary.
eg. Her pupils often refer to this dictionary.
eg. Don’t refer to this matter again.
5. bunch n. 束，串 a bunch of flowers
Using Language
What’s the main idea of this passage?
The passage introduces some best art galleries of Manhattan.
(It is perhaps from a tourist guide book)
Important points:
1. collection n. 收集，收藏；收藏品
make a collection of… 收藏
make a collection for… 为…募捐
have a large collection of… 收藏有大量的…
2. …leaving his house,… (现在分词短语作状语)
eg. Both of them died in the accident, leaving their son alone.
3. worth adj. 值得的，价值为
eg. This pen is worth five yuan.
eg. I think his suggestion is well worth considering. (很值得的用well 修饰)
It is worth sb’s while / worthwhile to do sth. /doing sth.
be worth doing
be worthy of doing / to be done
eg. This book is worth reading.
eg. This book is worthy of reading / to be read
4. exhibition n.展览，陈列；展览会
hold an exhibition
on exhibition/show/display
5. It is amazing/strange/interesting/disappointing/clear that-
6. work un. 工作 cn. 作品 (指工厂时，单复均可)
eg. Have you read his works？
7. every two years=every other year=every second year
every + 基数词 +复数名词
every + 序数词 + 单数名词
every few +复数名词
every three days=every third day
Discussion:
表示喜好：
prefer n.
prefer to do sth.
prefer doing sth.
prefer + n./doing sth. + to + n./doing sth.
prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. = would rather do sth. than do sth.
Grammer:p87
制作单位：三门中学
制作者： 金莉萍 吴亚琴 赵定翠
叶 华 王银萍
Ⅰ.Teaching aims and demands
1.Topic:
Talk about science and scientists
2. Function: describing people and debating
That’s correct. It’s clear that…
I doubt that …
There is no doubt that…
It’s hard to say.
Well, maybe, but…
That’s true.
What’s your idea?
Have you thought about…?
3.Vocabulary
undertake analysis within gravity similar paragraph
debate scan boundary incurable engage promise
exploration disable theory seek that(adv.) misunderstand
scientific method observe match predict astronomer
curious microscope telescope punish intelligent patient
be similar to work on go by be/get engaged to sb. use up
go on with dream of turn out be satisfied with
take a look at the other way round on fire
make a difference be curious to do sth./ about sth. / that –clause
4. Grammar
The infinitive used as predictive/ adverbial / attribute / subject/ object
Ⅱ.The analysis of the teaching material
The topic of this unit is “ making a difference”. In this unit, first we can learn about the science subjects and know the importance of each subject. Second, we can get familiar with some great scientists and their famous quotes and achievements, such as Stephen Hawking, Galileo, Albert Einstein, ZhangHeng and so on. Third, we will know how the discoveries and inventions of the great scientists help us better understand the world and improve our life. By knowing this, students are encouraged to study hard, and their love of science and their hope of becoming scientists are inspired..
1.Warming up: It offers us five pictures of foreign great scientists with their famous quotes. By learning their quotes and talking about their achievements, students can know about the key to success and make their minds to be successful.
2. Listening: It contains 4 great minds including the students. In fact, it provides three passages and the students are asked to have a guess who they are, which is so interesting that it may further arouse the students’ enthusiasm in science.
3. Speaking: The students are asked to have a debate about which branch of science is the most important and useful to society. By doing so, students can practice debating skills and use some useful expressions freely. At the same time, they will find that knowledge plays an important part in our daily life.
4.Pre-reading The three questions in pre-reading pave the way for reading.
5.Reading: The text describes Hawking’s disease, dream, achievements and opinions on science and scientific research.
6. Post-reading: The exercises help the students further understand this great scientist.
7. Language study It contains word study and grammar. Students will have a better knowledge of the uses of the infinitive in this part.
8.Integrating skills It includes reading and writing. In the reading passage, students can learn about characteristics of five scientists and their scientific spirit. In the writing part, students are asked to write a paragraph to describe a favourite scientist.
9. Tips Unit One also gives students some advice on how to use the scientific method to learn English.
10. checkpoint
It sums up the uses of the infinitive.
Teaching arrangements
Period 1&2: Warming up, listening and speaking
Period 3&4: reading
Period 5: Language study
Period 6: Integrating skills and writing
Notes:
1. Amending In warming up, it’s too abstract for the students to talk about the quotes, so we deal with it as a unit task to the students at the very beginning―make up a column about scientists and their quotes.
2. Replacement In speaking, the text gives the students the debate: Which branch of science is more important and useful to our society?
It’s too difficult and abstract for the students to carry it out. The reasons are as follows:
1) Their vocabulary is not large enough.
2) It’s too difficult to divide each branch of science in our daily life.
In fact, each branch can’t be divided from the others. Only by combining them together, can we make our world more beautiful.
So we change the topic, and ask the students to talk about what has happened in our daily life. That is , should a nuclear power station be built in Sanmen? This topic can give the students lots of space to talk about.
3. Adding This unit doesn’t give a good sample for the students to write about a scientist. So it is also very difficult for the students to do the writing well. Because of this, we add a research task to the students after finishing the reading material No Boundaries. (What is science and what is the spirit of a scientist? Do research on your favorite scientist and try to find out what makes him /her successful. The students are asked to finish the task by surfing the Internet.) With the help of the first unit task--- to make up a column about scientists and their quotes, it’s possible for the students to write a good article about a favorite scientist.
Teaching procedures
Period 1&2: Warming up, listening & speaking
Goals:
1.To encourage the students talk about the science and scientists
2.To develop the students’ ability of listening for information
3.To enable the students to have a better understanding of the importance of science
Teaching procedures
Step1. Warming up
Task 1. Class work
T: Nice to see you again. I miss you very much. And I’m glad to meet some new students here! Nice to meet you!
T: What makes you get together here/ get apart with your former classmates ?
Some of us learn arts/ science while others learn science / arts.
Task2 Class work
1. What are arts subjects? What are science subjects?
Task3. Pair work
Why do you learn arts/ science?
I’m good / poor at…
I prefer … to…
I’m into…
Because I like/ dislike...
I want to be
My parents want me to…
My dream is…
Task4. Individual work
What is your dream? What will you do to make your dream come true?
Step2. Listening
Pre-listening
Having heard your dreams, I am glad to know all of you have great mind. I’m sure one day you’ll become great minds (great men /women).Before we realize our dreams, we should learn about some great minds first so that we can follow them, do you think so?
Task1. Class work
What great scientists do you know?
scientists
Task2. Individual work
Enjoy the video, listen carefully and find out who are mentioned in the video.
(Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton.)
Task3 Pair work
Enjoy once more. What are they famous for?
Task4 Individual work
Listen to the three passages , finish the exercises and talk about the scientists.
Enjoy a video and do the listening comprehension on the screen.
Step3. Speaking
Thanks to the discovery of Madam Curie---- Uranium ( show the slide) and the equation of Einstein ( slide ), nuclear power station can be built nowadays. It is reported a nuclear power station is being built in Sanmen. Someone says it is a good thing, while others don’t think so. (Show slides to help the students learn more about the disadvantages and advantages of it.)
Task1 Group work
Debating (Should a nuclear power station be built in Sanmen?)
The following useful expression may give the students help.
That’s correct. It’s clear that… I doubt that …
That’s true. It’s hard to say. Well, maybe, but …
There is no doubt that… What’s your idea? Have you thought about …?
Step4. Homework
1. Finish off the WB listening.
2. Make up a column about scientists and their quotes
Period 3 & 4 : Pre-reading , reading & post-reading
Goals:
1. To get to know something about the famous scientist Stephen Hawking.
2. To learn the spirit of Hawking
3. To develop some basic skills of reading
Teaching Procedures
Step1. Pre-reading
Task1: Class work
During the last period, we talked about a lot of scientists and their great achievements.
Can you use one adjective to describe science?
Do you know any disabled scientist?
Today we are going to talk about a disabled scientist.
Task2. Class work
Enjoy the video and guess who he is.
Does he move his lips while speaking?
Task3. Individual work
Listen and answer:
1). How does he make a speech without moving his lips?
(through a speech computer)
2) What is it that Hawking doesn’t like about his speech computer?
(It gives him an American accent.)
Step2. Reading
T: Do you want to know more about Hawking? S: Yes.
T: What do you want to know about him? S: his family, his achievements…
T: Turn to P3
Task1: Group work
Skim the text and give one word to each paragraph.
Disease----- dream ---- achievements ---- opinions ---problem
Para1. Para2. Para3-4 Para5-6 Para7
Task2: Individual work
1) How would ordinary people feel when they were told that they had an incurable disease?
2) What did Stephen Hawking do when he was told that he had an incurable disease?
3) What is Hawking’s dream?
4) Read Para3 and Para4. Fill in the blanks.
5. What are the steps of the scientific method?
6. How do people misunderstand science?
7. What is Hawking’s opinion about science?
Task3. Group work
Now we know that in Hawking’s opinion even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.
1. Suppose Hawking’s theory of Black Holes was found wrong by himself, would he admit it ? Have a discussion and give your reasons.
2. Show the students the fact with the slide.
Task4. Class work
How do you understand the title “No boundaries”?
Suggested answers:
Unanswered questions have no boundaries.
science
in thinking.
imagination.
There are no boundaries
between truth and falsehood (谬误)
the healthy and the disabled.
Step4.Homework:
Group work research work
What is science and what is the spirit of a scientist? Do research on your favorite scientist and try to find out what makes him /her successful.
Use a library or the Internet to finish the research work.
www.generationterrorists.com/quotes/abhotswh.html
news.qq.com/a/0513/000320.htm
www.edu.cn/0926/3069093.shtml
www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/
www.c-science.com/txt/sc/un/ot/9909unot01-01.htm
www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Copernicus.htm
www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Scients.htm
Period 5 Word Study ＆Grammar
Goals:
1. To get the students to reflect on the useful words and phrases in this unit
2. To enable the students to have a better knowledge of the uses of the Infinitive
Teaching Procedures:
Step 1. Individual work
1.Ask the students to tell the spirits of disabled people and what they can learn from them.
2.Finish the exercises in the SB Page 5
Suggested answers:
1.(A)这对夫妇花光了所有的钱去找他们六个月前失踪的五岁儿子.
2.(C)大家很容易看出她不高兴.
3.(B)牛顿自言自语: “为什么苹果会落到地上,而不会飘向空中?”。后来，他发现了万有引力定律.
4.(A)科学家预言在未来的十年内,环境污染会更加严重.他们告诫人们如果不采取措施解决这个问题，我们将会毁灭我们的星球.
5.(B)哈利观察这个物体的运动已有多年了,并且预测它每76年回来一次.
6.(A)警察发现这个人的指纹和在犯罪现场提取的不一样后,就放他走了.
Step 2 Class work
A. (Look at the sentences on the screen. Ask the Ss to tell the function of the underlined part in each sentence.)
1. We’re surprised to hear the news. (Adverbial)
2. We have to get up early to catch the first train. (Adverbial)
3. He is considered to be a great scientist. (Object)
4. To see is to believe. (Subject, Predictive)
5. I have a lot of words to say. (Attribute)
6. It’s impossible for him to go there alone. (Subject)
7. She promised to make no mistakes at all. (Object)
8. I find it difficult to understand him . (Object)
B. Summarize the form of the Infinitive:
不定式的简单式由to+动词原形构成,其动作与主要动词同时发生或者发生在主要动词之后.
不定式的进行式由to be +现在分词构成,表示在主要动词的动作发生时,不定试的动作正在进行中.
不定式的完成式由to have+过去分词构成,表示不定式的动作发生在主要动词的动作之前.
Show the video of the explanation of the uses of the Infinitive to the students. Help the Ss master the Infinitive better.
Step3 Class work
Exercises高考回顾:
1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier ________ it more difficult. (MET99)B
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
2. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ______ in my new job. (MET)B
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couples but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it. (MET)B
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
4. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____the first computer. (MET1993)C
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
5. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry all the way home. (MET)A
A. much too heavy B. too much heavy
C. heavy too much D. too heavy much
6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______. (MET95)A
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
7. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening. (MET 92)A
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
8. There are five pairs ___, but I'm at a loss which to buy.(上海高考)B
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
9.____late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. (北京春季高考)A
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep
10. With a lot of difficult problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(上海春季高考)C
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
11. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ___in making the earth a better place to live. (2003上海春季高考)B
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
12. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state run companies are trying ___their products more competitive.
( 2002上海春季高考)A
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having mad
13. The teacher asked us___ so much noise. (2003北京春季高考)D
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
14. I've worked with children before, so I know what ____in my new job.
( 高考)B
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
Step4 Individual work
Do Ex.3 Page6
Suggested answers
1.Is there anything to eat?
2.I need a pen to write with.
3.Do you have anything to add?
4.He is looking for a box to put the two rabbits in.
5.It would be a comfortable house to live in .
Step5 Homework
Finish off the exercises in WB.
Preview Making a Difference
Period 6 Integrating skills & writing
Goals:
1. To revise the language points and grammar-the Infinitive in this unit.
2. To learn more about the characteristics of scientists
3. To write a paragraph about a scientist.
Teaching Procedures:
T: yesterday we learned the grammar-the Infinitive. We know that the infinitive can be used as the Subject, Object, Adverbial and so on. Now let's do some exercises to see if you have mastered them well enough. Fill in the blanks, using the Infinitive。(Show the following on the screen）
Look at the screen.
Step 1 Individual work
1.The goal of Stephen Hawking’s research is to ____and to___is his greatest dream.
2.The doctor thought he only had three more years to _____, which turned out ____.
3.We took a taxi to ___.We hurried there ,only to ____.We were unhappy to___.
4.He studied hard to _____.
5.Lunch is ready. Let’s stop to _____.
Suggested answers:
1.discover nature of the universe; get married
2.live; be wrong
3.catch the train; find the train had gone; miss the train
4.pass the examination
5.have lunch
T: Now let’s revise the useful expressions in this unit together.
Fill in the blanks with the right phrases in the box
1.He __one day becoming a famous singer
2.John __Mary.
3.Two weeks slowly_____.
4.His suggestion ____to be a good one.
5.We ____ our money.
6.For we can’t finish copying the essay today, we have to ____it tomorrow.
7.Tom ____a story-book.
Suggested answers:
1.dreams of 2.is engaged to 3.went by 4.turned out
5.have used up 6. go on with 7.is working on
Step 2 Reading
T: There were many scientists in the world in the past. They made great contributions to our society. They help us understand the world better. Do you know why and how they made these important discoveries or inventions? OK. Today we are going to read a passage. It will tell us what makes the scientists make their discoveries.
Task1 Individual work
Who are mentioned in the text? (Hawking, Bacon, Zhang Heng, Galileo, Copernicus)
Task2 Class work
Match the following:
Hawking Telescope
Bacon Seismograph
Zhangheng A Brief History of Time
Galileo the solar system with the sun as its center
Copernicus knowledge is power
Task3 Class work
What characteristics should a scientist have?
suggested answers: creativity
strong will curiosity
observation intelligence
imagination diligence confidence
Step 3 Group work
Discussion
How do you understand the title?
(* have a great effect on something *make contributions to the world
* make good changes to the world *gain achievements)
Step 4 Individual work
Playing games
Aims: to practice the students’ observations, imagination, curiosity, creativity & intelligence.
Game 1: Count the number of squares you see in this graphic
Game 2: Can you make this equation correct by moving only one digit(阿拉伯数字) and not moving or adding signs?
26-63=1
Game 3: Name all the uses for a brick
(a paper weight, a doorstop , to build a building, to break a window , to use as a weapon, to write on the wall , to …)
Game 4: to find differences (show two pictures &find the differences)
Step 5. Homework
T: Who is your favourite scientist?
( The students may have different answers.)
Write a paragraph about a favorite scientist according to what they have done about the famous scientists.
Tips: What do you want to write?
What does the reader need to know about the scientist?
How can you best describe him or her?
What is the most important or interesting fact about the scientist?
Why do you like him or her?
( write a description of a scientist according to the tips)
The First Period
Teaching Aims:
1.Learn and master the following words:
Inspiration, perspiration, undertake, analysis, obvious, within, quote
2.Talk about science and scientists.
3.Listen to the description of some scientists.
4.Do some speaking, describing people and debating.
Teaching Important Points:
1.Train the students’ listening ability by listening practice.
2.Train the students’ speaking ability by talking about science and scientists, describing people and debating.
Teaching Difficult Points:
1.How to improve the students’ listening ability.
2.How to help students finish the task of speaking.
Teaching Methods:
1.Warming up to arouse the students’ interest in science.
2.Listening-and-answering activity to help the students go through the listening material.
3.Individual, pair or group work to make every student work in class.
Teaching Aids:
1.a multimedia
2.a tape recorder
3.the blackboard
Teaching Procedures:
Step I Warming up
T: There are many outstanding scientists in the world, who made great contributions to society and science. What great scientists do you know? And what are they famous for?
S: Maria Curie is famous for her discoveries of radium and polonium and Zhang Heng is famous for his seismograph.
S: Thomas Alva Edison is famous for the invention of the light bulb.
(Bb) Scientists Contributions
Charles Darwin The Theory of Evolution
Albert Einstein The Theory of Relativity
…
T: Well done. I think you are all interested in science and scientists. What do you think makes a successful scientist? Have a discussion in pairs or groups of four. Then report the results of your discussion.
S: I think it is the way he uses his tools that makes a successful scientist.
S: I think a successful scientist must have much imagination and intelligence and he must be creative and hard-working.
S: I think a successful scientist must be confident, curious and careful. But what I like to know is what made him/her interested in science.
T: Now look at the photos on the screen. And tell me who they are.
S: They are Einstein, Madame Curie and Edison.
T: Good. They are all very famous in the world. You must have read some quotes from them. For example, never leave that until tomorrow, which is from Benjamin Franklin. Now look at the quotes on the screen. Whom do you think these quotes from and do you know what they mean?
S：I think it is from Edison. It means that if we make great efforts to do sth, we’ll succeed. And no matter how clever he is, a person will fail if he doesn’t try his best. In Chinese, it means 天才就是百分之九十九的汗水加上百分之一的灵感。
T: Do you agree with it?
S: Yes.
S: It is from Einstein. It means if you want to succeed, it’s more important for you to have imagination than knowledge. In Chinese, it means 想象力比知识更重要。
S: It is from Madame Curie. It means there are only things to be understood in the world, while there is nothing to be feared. In Chinese, it means 生活中没有什么可怕的东西，只有需要理解的东西。
T: Do you know any other quotes about science and thinking?
S: Wisdom is only found in truth. -- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
S: Knowledge is power. –Francis Bacon.
Step II Listening
T: OK. Now lets do some listening practice on P2. We are going to listen to the descriptions of some famous scientists. Read the requirements by yourselves quickly. Listen to the tape for the first time to get a general idea, and then try to finish the exx.
Step III Speaking
T: Now let’s look at the speaking part on P2. Work in groups of five. Each group member represents a branch of science, eg biology, maths, chemistry, physics, computer science. You are going to debate each other to see which branch of science is the most important and useful for society. First you should decide who will represent each branch and then prepare your role card to debate. You can use the expressions.
S: I think biology is the most important because it is essential to protecting the ecological balance and environment. People can’t live without living things. And it goes hand in hand with our life. If there is no science of biology, there would not be medicine.
S: Well, maybe, but I think that chemistry is the most important. Because it is the key to the progress of the human being. Besides, it is chemical reaction that produces many new things.
S: It’s hard to say. There are many physical products. And physics is widely used in many fields, such as medicine, Industry and agriculture. There would be no life without physics.
S: That’s true. But maths is the basic science. You can’t learn physics or chemistry well without a good knowledge of maths. It is a tool in science and engineering.
S: Well, there is no doubt that maths is an important. In my opinion, computer science is the most important in our modern information society. The computer is now an indispensable tool in many fields. It can settle all kinds of problems at a high speed and can help people work easily.
Step IV Homework
Preview the reading material.
Step V The Design of the Writing on the Bb
Unit 1 Making a difference
The First Period
Scientists Contributions
Madame Curie Radium/Polonium
Zhang Heng Seimograph
Darwin The Theory of Evolution
Edison The light bulb
Einstein The Theory of Relativity
…
Some words describing scientists:
creative, hard-working, curious, careful, confident…
The Second Period
Teaching Aims:
1.Learn and master the useful words and phrases.
2.Train the students’ reading ability.
3.Let the students learn from Stephen Hawking.
Teaching Important Points:
1.Master the following phrases and sentence pattern:
work on, go by, be engaged to, go on with sth, dream of, turn out
There is no point (in) doing sth.
2.Enable the students to understand the text better.
3.Improve the students’ reading ability.
Teaching Difficult Points:
1.How to make the students understand the reading text better.
2.How to make the students understand the following sentence.
There didn’t seem much point in working on the PhD.
Teaching Methods:
1.Scanning the text to get some information about Hawking.
2.Careful reading to answer some detailed questions.
3.Discussion after reading the passage to make the students learn how to use the scientific method to solve the problem.
4.Individural, pair or group work to make every student work in class.
Teaching Aids:
1.a computer
2.a tape recorder
3.the blackboard
Teaching Procedures:
Step I Lead-in and Pre-reading
T: Yesterday we learnt some quotes from some scientists. Look at the picture in our books. Do you know who the person is?
S: He is Stephen Hawking.
T: Yes. Very good. He is one of the greatest physicists of our time. Do you know what book he published in 1988?
S: Yes. A Brief History of Time, which is very popular.
T: OK. I think maybe you know sth about Hawking. Do you want to know sth more about him?
S: Yes.
T: OK. Today we are going to learn a passage about Stephen Hawking. It will tell us Hawking’s determination, thoughts and some theories. First let’s learn some new words and phrases. Then turn to P3. Look at the questions in Pre-reading quickly and then scan the text as quickly as possible and find the answers to them.
T: Why did Stephen Hawking need a PhD?
S: Because he wanted a job.
T: Right. When did Hawking become famous?
S: Hawking became famous in the early 1970s, when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang and black holes.
T: Good. When did Hawking visit Beijing?
S: In 2002, Hawking visited China and spoke to university students in Hangzhou and Beijing.
Step II Reading
T: Well done. Now read the passage once as carefully as possible. Then answer some detailed questions on the screen. You may discuss them in pairs if necessary.
T: What did Stephen Hawking do when he was told that he had an incurable disease?
S: Instead of giving up, Hawking went on with his research, got his PhD and married a girl. He continued his exploration of the universe and traveled around the world to give lectures.
T: How would most people feel when they were told that they had incurable disease?
S: They would probably feel very sad and give up their dreams and hopes for the future.
T: What did Hawking write in 1988?
S: He wrote A Brief History of Time in 1988.
T: What did Hawking explain in the book ?
S: In the book, Hawking explains both what it means to be a scientist and how science works. He tells readers about how discoveries are made and how they change the world.
T: According to Hawking, how do people misunderstand science?
S: According to Hawking, people often think that science is a number of “true” facts and never changes.
T: What are the basic steps of the scientific method?
S: First, scientists observe what they are interested in. To explain what they have seen, they build a theory about how things happen and the causes and effects. Finally, the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events.
T: What is it that Hawking doesn’t like about his speech computer?
S: Hawking doesn’t like his speech computer giving him an American accent.
T: OK. Now you have understood the detailed information. Please pick out the phrases or the sentences that you don’t understand. First have a discussion with your partner and exchange your different points. Then I’ll explain some language points to you.
Useful expressions:
work on +n./pron. /doing, go by: pass, be/get engaged (to sb.): be bound by a promise to marry, go on with sth: continue with sth, dream of: imagine, turn out: prove(to be),
Sentence pattern:
There is no point (in) doing sth.=There is no good reason for doing sth.
Step III Listening and Consolidation
T: Now I’ll play the tape. You can follow it in a low voice. Pay attention to your pronunciation and intonation. Then do exx in Post-reading.
Step IV Homework
T: Learn the words and phrases by heart and try to use them freely and correctly. Read the text fluently and recite some important sentences. What’s more, preview Word study and Grammar.
Step V The Design of the Writing on the Bb
Unit 1 Making a difference
The Second Period
Useful expressions:
work on +n./pron. /doing,
go by: pass,
be/get engaged (to sb.): be bound by a promise to marry,
go on with sth: continue with sth,
dream of: imagine,
turn out: prove(to be),
Sentence pattern:
There is no point (in) doing sth.=There is no good reason for doing sth.
The Third Period
Teaching Aims:
1.Learn and master the phrase: use up
2.Review the words learnt in the last two periods.
3.Learn how to explain the words in English.
4.Learn and master the usages of the Infinitive.
Teaching Important Points:
1.Master the phrase: use up
2.Master the usages of the Infinitive.
Teaching Difficult Points:
1.How to help the students learn to explain words in English.
2.How to help the students master the usages of the Infinitive.
Teaching Methods:
1.Review method to help the students remember what they have learnt beore.
2.Explanation and inductive methods to make the students master the usages of the Infinitive.
3.Individual work or pair work to make every student work in class.
Teaching Aids:
1.a projector and some slides.
2.the blackboard
Teaching Procedures:
Step I Revision
T: What did you learn from Hawking?
S: We should have a strong will whatever we do. We should have an indomitable spirit when we want to achieve great success. As long as we have this spirit, we can do it successfully no matter what we want to.
Step II Word Study
T: Now let’s have a dictation of some words.
T: OK. Now let’s do an ex to see how to explain some words in English, according to the meanings of the sentences. Please turn to P5. Let’s do the ex in Word Study. Choose the closest meaning to the underlined word in each sentence. First we’ll learn a new phrase: use up. Do it by yourself and you can discuss in pairs.
Step III Grammar
Bb:1. He hoped to visit China again .
2. It took a lot of time to finish the report .
3. Please give the boy sth to play with .
4. He went home to see his sick mother .
5. Her wish is to become a pop singer .
T: Tell me the function of the underlined part in each sentence.
S: No.1 is used as the object.
S: No.2 is used as the subject. It is more usual to use formal subject “it” and the infinitive phrase is usually placed at the end of the sentence, that is “it is…to do sth.”.
S: No.3 is used as the attribute.
S: No.4 is used as the adverbial for purpose.
S: No.5 is used as the predicative.
T: Now let’s do an ex on the screen. Group the infinitives according to how they are used.
1.Some things need (1) to be believed (2) to be seen .
2.The doctor told him that he may not have more than twelve months (3) to live .
3.(4) In order to get married ,I needed a job, and (5) in order to get a job , I needed a PhD.
4.Readers were pleased and surprised (6) to find that a scientist could write about his work in a way that ordinary people could understand .
5.He traveled around the world (7) to give lectures .
6.What does it mean (8) to be a scientist?
7.People who listen to Hawking’s lectures sometimes find it difficult (9) to understand him .
8.(10) To explain what they have seen , they build a theory about how things happen and the causes and effects.
S: Subject:(8)
Attribute(2)(3)
Object(1)(9)
Adverbial(4)(5)(6)(7)(10)
Step IV Practice
T: Now let’s do some exercises on P6, Ex2 and Ex3.Rewrite the sentences with “to be done” or “to have been done”.
He wanted the nurses to take care of the patient.
-He wanted the patient to be taken care of.
Because “the patient” is the logical object of “take care of”, the passive infinitive should be used in the second sentence.
The car was reported to have been stolen.
But when the action expressed by the Infinitive happens before the predicate, the perfect infinitive should be used.
Step V Consolidation
T: Now look at the pictures. Who can tell me what Hawking’s dream is from the picture?
S: He wants to get married.
T: Right. Do you know how Hawking made his dream come true according to the passage we learnt in the second period?
S: Hawking said, “In order to get a job, I need a PhD.”
T: Very good. Now let’s look at another picture. And tell me what the girl’s dream is and how she makes it realized.
S: Her dream is to get a doctor’s degree, she needs to go to university, she needs to study hard now.
T: Very good. Now please tell your partner what your dream is and how to realize it. You can use “in order to” to express it.
Step VI Homework
T: Finish all the exx in Grammar. Preview the content in Integrating skills.
Step VII The Design of the Writing on the Bb
Unit 1 Making a difference
The Third Period
Phrase: use up
Grammar: the Infinitive
1. He hoped to visit China again .
2. It took a lot of time to finish the report .
3. Please give the boy sth to play with .
4. He went home to see his sick mother .
5. Her wish is to become a pop singer.
6. He wanted the nurses to take care of the patient.
7. He wanted the patient to be taken care of.
The Fourth Period
Teaching Aims:
1.Revise the language points and grammar-the Infinitive.
2.Learn and master the following phrases:
take a look at, what if, the other way around
3.Do some reading and writing practice to improve the students’ integrating skills.
4.Learn how to write a descriptive paragraph.
Teaching Important Points:
1.Improve the students’ integrating skills.
2.Help the students write a descriptive paragraph.
Teaching Difficult Points:
1.How to help the students understand the passage better.
2.How to help the students learn to write a descriptive paragraph.
Teaching Methods:
1.Doing exx to revise what we’ve learnt before.
2.Asking-and-answering activity to go through the reading material.
3.Discussion to help the students understand the passage better.
4.Individual, pair or group work to make every student work.
Teaching Aids:
1.a projector
2.a tape recorder
3.the blackboard
Teaching Procedures:
Step I Revision
T: We know that the infinitive can be used as the subject, object, adverbial and so on. Now let’s do some exx to see if you have mastered them well enough. Look at the screen.
1.(1)To learn about the universe , you need (2)to have a telescope (3)to observe the stars with .
2.It takes time (4)to know a man .
3.Please remember (5)to bring me a book.
4.I’ve got a lot of work (6)to do .
5.(7)In order to catch the first bus ,she got up early.
6.It is important for us (8)to learn English .
Subject:(4)(8)
Object:(2)(5)
Attribute:(3)(6)
Adverbial:(1)(7)
T: Let’s do another ex. Fill in the blanks, using the Infinitive.
1.The goal of Stephen Hawking’s research is to and to is his biggest dream.
2.The doctor thought he only had three more years to , which turned out .
3.We took a taxi to .We hurried there, only to . We were unhappy to .
4.He studied hard to .
5.Lunch is ready. Let’s stop to .
T: Now let’s revise the useful expressions. Do an ex to see whether you have mastered them well.
1.He one day becoming a famous violinist.
2.Tom Ann.
3.Two weeks slowly .
4.His suggestion to be a good one.
5.He his ink.
6.If we don’t finish painting the room today, we can it tomorrow.
7.He a novel.
Step II Reading
T: There were many scientists in the world in the past, whose discoveries and inventions can help us understand the world better. Can you say out the names of some scientists and their discoveries?
S: Yes. Einstein – the Theory of Relativity; Madame Curie – Radium, Polonium…
T: Do you know why and how they made these important discoveries or inventions? The passage tells us what makes the scientists made their discoveries. Turn to P7. Read the passage quickly and then answer some questions on the screen.
1.What’s the characteristic of Galileo Galilei?
2.Why could Stephen Hawking make contributions to science work?
3.What can be described as the ability to use knowledge?
4.What’s the most important thing if we want to make a difference?
5.How can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference?
T: I’ll explain some expressions and sentence structures.
1. take a look at
2. what if
3. the other way round
4. …it was only later that the world recognized his greatness.
5. …only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference.
Step III Listening and Discussion
T: Listen to the tape twice. Then discuss the questions in pairs or groups.
1. Of all the characteristics mentioned in the passage, which do you think is the most important? Why?
2. What do great scientists like Stephen Hawking , Galileo Galilei and Zhang Heng have in common? Find out more about them and how they work and think: What is the scientific spirit? How do scientists solve problems? How do scientists make a difference? What can we learn from great scientists?
Use the questions below to get started.
What is the scientific spirit?
How do scientists solve problems?
How do scientists make a difference?
What can we learn from great scientists?
S: Being creative, I think, is the most important. Because scientists can make new discoveries by using their imagination all the time.
S: I think being curious is the most important. Only when someone is curious about sth can be come up with new idea.
Step IV Writing
T: Who is your favourite scientists? Write a paragraph. Before writing, think about what you want to write and what the readers need to know. How can you best describe him or her? What is the most important or interesting fact about the scientist? Why do you like him or her? List an outline of the passage. Then write some useful sentences to help them.
Step V Homework
Go over all the important points learnt in this unit and finish your writing.
Step VI The Design of the Writing on the Bb
Unit 1 Making a difference
The Fourth Period
A good scientists must be curious and careful .
Great scientists use their creativity and imagination to come up with new ideas.
Scientists must also be intelligent and patient .
The experiment proved that her theory was correct.
Other scientists were surprised by her discovery and called it a success .
She used a model to solve the problem .
I. Words
1. _________ (显然) , what you have said is not true.
2. He is such an _________ (有才智的) student that we all like him.
3. I have been waiting for my boss _________ (耐心) for 2 hours.
4. She is _______ (好奇) about space.
5. The curtain doesn't ________ (相称) the wall.
6. You ________ (误会) him, for he did nothing wrong.
7. The accident ________ (使丧失能力) him to speak.
8. What are you ________ (争论) about with him?
9.He promised that the roof should be prepared w________ two days.
10 We u__________ the task of cleaning the house.
Ⅱ. Phrases
1. 对……充满热情________________ 2. 与……相似的________________
3. 壮心无涯________________ 4. 有发展前途的研究生________________
5. 不治之症________________ 6. 继续工作________________
7. 过去，走过 ________________ 8.和……订婚________________
9. 梦想________________ 10. 另一方面________________
11. 放弃________________ 12. 做讲座，做报告________________
13. 用尽，用完________________ 14. 与众不同,有影响________________
15.对。。。满意________________ 16. 从一季到另一季 ________________
17.信任，信仰________________ 18.在20世纪70年代早期__________________
19. 相反地，从相反方向________________ 20.达到目标________________
21.have … in common ________________ 22. seek answers to the questions______________
Ⅲ. Sentences
1.______________ (毫无疑问)that he is right.
2.___________ (没有) giving up, Hawking _____________(继续从事) his research, got his PHD, and married Jane.
3.We were pleased and surprised to find that a scientist could write about his work ________________ordinary could understand. 我们感到惊喜的是，科学家竟能够以普通人理解的方式来阐述自己的工作。
4.Even the best theory can ___________(证明是)wrong.
5.If _________________(知识就是力量), _____(正如) Sir Francis Bacon wrote in 1597, then perhaps creativity can ___________(被描述为)the ability to use that power.
6.Nor _______ the disease ________________ the kind of life he had dreamt of.
他没有让疾病防碍他过梦寐以求的生活。
7.________only later _____ the world recognized his greatness.直到后来世人才承认他的伟大。(强调句)
8.He ______________to make people believe that his theories were correct.他发现难以让人们相信他的理论是正确的。
9.________________ to be a great scientist to make a difference.要有所作为，不一定非要成为大科学家。
Ⅳ. Multiple choice.
1.Only by imagining and creating ____ a difference.
A. can make B. you can make C. make D. can you make
2.Since then, the philosopher has ______ in seeking solutions to social problems.
A. engaged B. engaging C. been engaged D. been engaging
3.----Can I help you?
----I want to buy a blue tie to ______ my shirt.
A. fit B. compare C. match D. suit
4. -----_______ we move the picture over there? Do you think it’ll look better?
----I can’t agree more.
A. What you think B. What if C. Even if D. Only if
5.He had tried everything but it made little ______.
A. use B. difference C. point D. sense
6.It _____ unusual courage and determination to make the break with his family.
A. took B. needed C. spent D. shared
7.There is no ___in protesting. It won’t help.
A. cause B. need C. point D. law
8.Only in this way ______ progress in your English.
A. you make B. you can make
C. you will be able to make D. will you be able to make
9.Having done his Chinese exercises, he went on _____a letter _____Russian.
A. to write, with B. with, with C. writing, in D. to write , in
10.-----What should we do? There’s no bus any more.
-----Missing the bus means _____home. Let’s go.
A. to walk B. walking C. walked D. walk
11.----Have you decided where to go today, Alice?
----I feel like ____to the Natural Museum. Would you like ____with me?
A.to go, to go B. to go, going C. going, going D. going, to go
12.The professor spoke very clearly to make his speech easy _____.
A. to understand B. understand C. understood D. understanding
13.I’ve worked with children before, so I know what _____ in my new job.
A. to be expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
14.Paul doesn’t have to be made _________.He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
15.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him_________
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not it
16.-Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
----________enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
17.----Are you used to ____up early now ?
----Yes, I am. But I used to _____ up late.
A. getting, getting B. get, get C. get, getting D. getting, get
18.The teacher came into the classroom, _____of the students in it.
A. only to find none B. finding no one C. to find no one D. finding some
参考答案：
I.
1.Obviously2. intelligent3. patiently4. curious5. match6. misunderstood7. disabled8. debating
9.within 10.undertook
II.
1. be on fire 2. be similar to 3. no boundaries 4. a promising graduate student
5. an incurable disease 6. work on 7. go by 8. get engaged to 9. dream of
10. on the other hand 11.give up 12.give lectures 13. use up 14. make a difference
15. be satisfied with16. from season to season 17. believe in 18.in the late 1970s
19. the other way around20. reach one’s goal 21与…有共同点 22.寻求问题的答案
III.
1.There is no doubt
2. Instead of, went on with
3. in a way that
4. turn out to be
5. knowledge is power, as
6. did he let,stop him from living
7. It was, that
8. found it difficult
9. It is not necessary
IV.
1-5DCCBB6-10ACDDB11-18BABBACDA
make a list of be on fire for be similar to…
a branch of science sth is important to sb a promising graduate student
have an incurable disease give up one’s dreams and hopes for the future
speak through a computer in the early 1970s make new discoveries
seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe according to …
the causes and effects predict future events in a practical way
use up all their money fall to the ground in the next ten years
take measures take steps take action
ruin our planet the crime scene make one’s dream come true
be happy with sth make a difference be curious about sth
change from season to season believe in sb. the other way around
a magic lamp download papers come into power
take sides in the war be respected as the leading scientist of the century
the First World War from that time on an atomic bomb
suffer from a disease observe the safety rules observe Christmas
the Law of Gravity give lectures scientific pioneers
II. Sentence Structures
1.It takes a very unusual mind to undertake analysis of the obvious.
2.What makes a scientist successful?
3.What do these three great minds have in common?
4.There did not seem much point in working on my PhD.
There is no point in complaining. There is not much point in arguing.
5.I did not expect to survive that long.
6.Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse.
7.1)In fact, things were going rather well for me and I had got engaged to a girl.
2)His father is engaged in writing a book.
8.1)Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life he had always dreamt of.
2)Never did I dream of seeing him in America.
3)Nowhere could I see him.
9.Hawking explains both what it means to be a scientist and how science works.
10.1)Scientists, on the other hand, Hawking writes, know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.
2)He was praised by his teacher on (the) one hand, but blamed by his friends on the other hand.
11.What is it that Hawking does not like about his speech computer?
12.The speech computer sounds just like a human voice.
13. 1)Only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference.
2)Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.
14. It was only later that the world recognized his greatness.=
15.It appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved. =
16.Food is what sets this great mind on fire. (set…on fire)
The orator set the audience on fire.
Unit 9
1 attend vt.出席参加; 上(学, 教堂)
attend a meeting [lecture]出席会议[听演讲, 听课]
attend a wedding [a funeral]参加婚礼[葬礼]
attend school [church]上学[教堂]
be well attended出席(听...)...人数很多
be attended by由...陪同; 由...照料
I will attend you to the classroom.我将陪你到教室去。
May good luck attend you!祝你幸运!
vi.出席,参加[(+at)] attend (at) a wedding 出席婚礼
照料,处理[(+to)]
I'll attend to the matter.我来处理此事。
护理;侍候[(+on/upon)]
注意,倾听;致力(于)[(+to)]
She didn't attend to what I was saying.她并不注意听我所说的话
【习惯用语】
attend on 服侍, 照料; 陪, 随从
attend upon 服侍, 照料; 陪, 随从
attend to 倾听, 注意, 留心 ；关心, 照顾, 护理; 办理
2 content a.满足的,满意的;甘愿的[F][(+with)][+to-v]
She seems content to live with him.她似乎很满意与他生活在一起。
He was content with his work.他对自己的工作很满意。
vt.使满足[(+with)]
Her answer seemed to content him.她的回答好像令他满意。
【习惯用语】
be content to do sth. 乐于做某事
be content with 沉迷［满足］于
to one's heart's content 心满意足， 尽情地 I ate to my heart’s content. 我尽情地吃。
content oneself with 满足于， 对...感到满足
3 access 接近,进入;接近的机会,进入的权利;使用[U][(+to)]
access broadcasting
向公众开放的节目播送(电台、电视台开放给少数民族或利益团体传递讯息或做宣传的节目播送)
Only a few people have access to the full facts of the case.只有少数几个人能看到有关该案全部事实的材料。
Citizens may have free accessto the library. 市民可以自由使用图书馆。
通道,入口,门路[C][U][(+to)]
The only access to their house is along that narrow road.只有沿着那条狭窄的路走才能到达他们的房子。
【习惯用语】
be easy [hard, difficult] of access 容易[难]接近
give access to 接见; 准许出入
have [gain, get, obtain] access to 得接近; 得会见; 得进入; 得使用
4 stress
n.压力;紧张;压迫[U][C][(+on)]
Susan was completely weighed down by the stress of examinations.苏珊被考试的压力压垮了。
under the stress of poverty 在贫困的压力下
着重;重要性[U][(+on)]
She lay great stress on proper behavior.她很强调行为端正。
time of stress 危难之际, 非常时期
【语】重音;重读[U][C][(+on)]
In the word ”mother“ the stress is on the first syllable.在”mother"这一字里,重音在第一个音节上。
vt.强调,着重
The English teacher stressed the importance of reading aloud.
英语老师强调了朗读的重要性。
I must stress that we haven't much time. 我必须强调我们没有多少时间了。
用重音读Stress the second syllable.重读第二个音节。
加压力于;使紧张
The weight of snow stressed the roof to the point of collapsing.
雪的重量压得屋顶快要塌了。
【习惯用语】
in the stress of the moment 一时紧张
lay [place, put] stress on 把重点放在...上; 在...上用力
under [driven by] the stress of 为...所迫; 为...所驱使; 处境紧张[困难]
5 responsibility n. 责任, 职责
【习惯用语】
be relieved of one's responsibility [-ties] (被)解除职责
bear responsibility for 对...负有责任
decline all responsibility for 声明对...不负任何责任
on one's own responsibility 自作主张地, 自负全责地
take full responsibility for 对... 负完全 责任
take the responsibility upon oneself 自己承担起责任来
undertake fresh responsibility 担负起新的职责
6 alternative n. 二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物抉择；选择余地[the …+of)]
adj. 选择性的, 二中择一的
If you don't like the school lunch, you have the alternative of bringing your own.
要是你不喜欢学校准备的午餐,你可以自己带饭。
What alternatives are there?还有什么可选择的?
选择的自由(或余地)[U]
They had no alternative in the matter.在这件事上,他们没有选择的余地
We have no alternative but to go on. 除了继续下去,我们没有选择的余地。
There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.
除了战斗直到胜利,别无选择。
【习惯用语】
have no alternative but 除...外别无选择; 只有; 只好
7 affect
vt. 影响, 对...起作用[反应]; 使...感光; 改变; 损[伤]害
The amount of rain affects the growth of crops.雨量影响作物的生长。
感动 ; He was deeply affected by my words. 他听了我的话很受感动。
(病)侵袭;罹患 患(病), 中(暑) be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[着凉]
Her kidneys had become affected.她的肾脏受到了感染。
【参考词汇】
affect effect influence 作为动词, 都含“影响”的意思。
affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作, 有时含有“对...产生不利影响”的意思, 如:
This article will affect my thinking. 这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
effect 指“实现”、“达成”,着重“造成”一种特殊的效果, 如:
This book effected a change in my opinion. 这本书使我的看法起了变化。
The reform was effected. 改革实现了。
influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”, 如: Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine.
在一位中学生物教师的影响下, 他从事医学研究。
8 wipe out 扫除；清除掉 ;勾销（债务） ;消灭；毁灭 ;洗雪(耻辱)
to wipe out a whole army 歼灭一个整军
wipe up 揩干（洗净的碟盘） ;揩干
wipe off 勾销（债务
wipe down 把…擦干净
（常与away, off连用）擦干；揩净
wipe your tears away 擦干你的眼泪
9 issue vt.(1)发行;发布
The post office issued the stamps last week.上星期邮局发行了这些邮票。
(2). 发给,配给[O][(+to)],核发
They issued the soldiers with guns. 他们把枪发给士兵。
(3.) 使流出,放出,排出
vi.(1). 出来[(+forth)](2). 流出[(+from)]
Lava issued from the volcano.熔岩从火山口流出来。
(3). 由...得出,由...产生[(+from)]
His difficulties in his work issue from his lack of experience.
他工作中的困难是由于缺乏经验而引起的。
(4). 发行,颁布,出版
A new coinage issued.一种新硬币发行了。
n.(1). 问题;争论;争议[C]
They have published a lot of new books on international issues.
他们已经出版了很多论述国际问题的新书。
(2). 发行(物);一次发行量;(报刊)期号[C]
There's an article about Jamaica in this issue.
在这一期里有一篇关于牙买加的文章。
【习惯用语】
at issue 在争论中; 不一致, 有分歧; 待裁决的
raise a new issue 提出新论点
take issue against 反对
issue sth.to sb. 把某物发给某人 = issue sb. with sth.
issue from 从...流出[冒出、传出]
join issue (=take issue) with sb on sth争论, 进行辨论
make an issue of sth. 使某事成为有争论的问题
10 advise：可用作动词（vt.＆vi.）。主要义项有：忠告，劝告，建议，通知，商量。
用作动词时的主要搭配形式为：（1）advise+名词/动名词；
Eg. I advise waiting until tomorrow.我建议等到明天。
（2）+sb. to do sth. Eg. I advise you to start at once. 我劝你立刻出发。
（3）+宾语从句Eg. Can you advise me whether I should go abroad?
你能不能指点我该不该出国？
（4）sb. against doing sth.
Eg. I strongly advise you against going abroad.我力劝你不要出国。
（5）sb. on sth.
Eg. He advises us on economic affairs.他给我们提供有关经济事务的建议。
（6）sb.+疑问词+不定式
Eg. He could not advise me what to do next.他无法教我接下来该做什么。
（7）sb. of sth.Eg. Please advise us of the date. 请将日期通知我们。
注意：advise作“通知”讲后跟宾语从句时，用陈述语气；作“建议”讲后跟宾语从句时，用虚拟语气。
Eg. We were advised that they could not accept our offer.
我们获得通知，说他们不能接受我们的提议。
I advised him that he (should) go at once.我劝他应该马上去。
11 face
Unit 10
1 frighten vt.\ vi. 使惊吓; 惊恐
习惯用语】
be frightened of [口]害怕, 对...感到恐惧
frighten away 吓跑, 吓走
frighten off 吓跑, 吓走
frighten sb. into doing sth. 用恐吓手段迫使某人做[不做]某事
frighten sb. out of doing sth. 用恐吓手段迫使某人做[不做]某事
He was frightened of the fierce dog. 他让这只凶猛的狗吓怕了。
He was frightened at the thought of his huge debts.
他一想到他背负的巨额债务便胆战心惊。
2 urge vt.催促;力劝;激励;怂恿
They urged us to go at once.他们催促我们马上去。
极力主张;强烈要求[(+on)][+that]
urge sth. on [upon] sb. 向某人极力陈述某事
My friends urged that I (should) apply for the job.朋友们力劝我申请那份工作。
The people in that country urged independence.那个国家的人民要求独立。
推进;驱策[ on [onward, forward] 推进; 驱策
We urged the school team on with loud cheers.我们大声助威,激励校队拼搏。
vi. 极力主张;强烈要求
urge against 极力反对
The citizens urged for the construction of a new hospital.市民们强烈要求建造一个新医院。
n.[C]. 强烈的欲望;冲动;迫切的要求
The vacation is coming and I have an urge to travel.假期快到了,我很想外出旅行。
【习惯用语】
urge... into doing [to do] [怂恿]...做
3 board
n. 木板;板,牌子;布告牌;黑板;(棋)盘[C]
He sawed the board in half.他将木板锯成两块。
膳食;伙食[U]We will provide room and board for them.我们将提供他们的食宿。
委员会;理事会;董事会;(政府的)部,局,会
He has recently joined the board of the company.最近加入了该公司的董事会。
舞台;演员的职业[the P]He quit the boards years ago.数年前他就离开了舞台。
vt.. 用木板覆盖(或封闭)[(+up/over)]
He boarded up the windows.他用木板将窗钉上。
上(船、车、飞机等)
The passengers boarded the plane at 9 a.m.旅客们上午九时登上飞机。
包饭;供...膳宿
【习惯用语】
above board 诚实地, 公开地, 光明正大地
All on board! 请大家上车!
go on board 上船; 上飞机, 上火车
go on the boards 当演员
Trade Board 劳资协商会
board in 在寄宿处吃饭
board up 栅木板阻断(道路等) 用木板围住 用木板钉起
across the board 包括所有团体或成员
A wage rise of 10 pounds a week across the board. 全体成员每人每周加薪10镑
go by the board （计划、安排等）失败，落空
sweep the board 赢得一切；几乎全胜
Our team swept the board in the sports games. 我们代表队在运动会中大获全胜。
4 live through：度过, 经受过
Eg. They lived through the Second World War.他们经历过第二次世界大战。
相关归纳：（1）get through 做/办/看完；通过/让通过；接通电话
Eg. I will be with you as soon as I get through this work.我一做好这项工作就到你这儿来。
I got through the book in one evening.我一个晚上就看完了这本书。
（2）go through 审阅；检查；讨论；查看；看一遍；经历（困难、痛苦等），经过（阶段等）Eg. I’d like to have you go through the book.我想让你审阅一下这本书。
Most families went through a lot during the war.大多数家庭在战争期间经历了很多的苦。
5 on end：竖着, 连续地
Eg. He stood the box on end.他把箱子竖立起来。
It snowed for three days on end. 一连下了三天雪。
相关归纳：（1）at the end 结束；尽头
Eg. She was at the end of the patience. 她已忍无可忍。
（2）in the end 最后；终于
Eg. He tired again and again and succeeded in the end.他一试再试，终于成功了。
（3）put an end to 结束；停止
Eg. Let’s put an end to this quarrel. 我们结束这场争吵吧。
（4）come to an end完毕；终止；结束
Eg. The meeting came to an end early. 会议很早结束。
注意：end构成的词组中不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的使用
6 at hand：在手边, 在附近, 即将到来
Eg. I always keep the handbook at hand.我总是把那本手册放在手边。
Final examinations are at hand. 期末考试快到了。
相关归纳：（1）by hand 用手
She did all the sewing by hand.她用手工做了所有的缝纫工作。
（2）in hand 所有；在控制下；已经着手；正在考虑中
I have only $50 in hand.我手头只有50美元。
Let’s finish the work in hand. 我们把手头的工作完成吧。
（3）on hand 在近处；出席；迫近
They have some new goods on hand.他们有一些新货。
He advised me to be on hand.他劝我出席。
A change may be on hand.一项改变可能已经迫近。
注意：以上由hand构成的词组hand前不用冠词。