很多人问怎么写散文,怎么写诗歌,怎么写作文。高中的时候,我们甚至还看过什么《作文大全》之类的指南书籍。其实那些技巧的东西,花架子的东西,还是少些为好。为大家精心整理了作文写作论文优秀7篇,如果能帮助到您,小编的一切努力都是值得的。
什么是关心?这是一个充满满足感的包。什么是关心?是一种感觉。一个人只有付出给别人,才能感受到自己的价值。只有懂得关心,才能知道生活的快乐和幸福!
朋友身体不适,给他一杯热茶,问他几句关心的话;隔壁奶奶提着东西的时候,真心帮忙;学生学习有困难,所以伸出援助之手。当我们学会关心别人的时候,我们也学会了关心自己。
我幻想:如果这个世界上的每个人在别人有困难的时候都会主动付出自己的爱,这个世界将会多么美好,多么芬芳,多么美好!
我以前是个内向的女生,很少和同学交往。记得生病在家休息的时候,班长亲自来看望我,主动帮我补课。这一刻,似乎有一股暖流耗尽了我的心。从此性格逐渐开朗,学会了关心和爱护。
一天下午,楼下胖大叔下班回家,扭伤了小腿。就在我和父亲在路口相遇回家的'时候,我看到他不能轻易走动,就赶紧回家给胖叔叔拿红花油。胖叔看着我,感激地说:“谢谢小兰!”我说:“叔叔,不客气。这是我应该做的。爸爸看着我,脸上带着满意的笑容。
关爱他人,关爱自己,珍惜友谊,让我们在同样的阳光下健康成长。只有懂得关心,才能知道生活的快乐和幸福!
体裁
在讲作文题之前,需要大家明白一个问题,也就是一篇文章的体裁有哪些?无非有以下几种:记叙文、说明文、议论文,有考生会说还有诗歌、小说、散文、戏剧等等。这些都没错,但是在申论考试中,申论文章的体裁是哪一个?通过对历年真题进行研究发现,无论在国考,还是在省考,申论作文的体裁一般分为两种,一种是公文,目前只有在20xx年的考试中出现过一次;另一种就是议论文,且几乎是百分之百的概率。那什么是议论文?
议论文是对某个问题或某件事,从不同的角度进行分析、评论,表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。定义中就包含了两个关键词汇,一个是某个问题或者某件事;另一个就是不同的角度。放到申论考试里,某一个问题或者某件事就是作文论述的主题。那什么是主题?就是文章写作的对象,或者说文章的中心话题。不同的角度就是我们表达看法的切入点,也就是作文的切入点。这两者合起来,我们称之为文章总论点,也就是我们文章的立意。
立意
作文的立意,就是从哪个角度、从哪个主题写一篇文章。一般而言,在公务员考试中会出现两种形式的立意要求,一是自选角度,自拟题目,也就是要求考生拟定文章的立意。而其最核心的内容就是符合题目的要求。但是,从近年来公务员考试发展趋势来看,自选角度、自拟题目的情况越来越少,而另外一种形式命题作文、半命题作文相对增多。这一类作文题目基本上限定了文章的作答对象,限定了文章的总论点和分论点。这样的条件下考生必须按照命题人的思路去写,如果立意不符合要求,那么你的作文分数一定拿不了高分。只有立意好了,那么接下来标题只不过是语言调整的问题,总论点和分论点也只不过是语言加工的问题。立意确定了,作文的思路和结构也基本上确定了。
通常而言,对于一篇作文题目,立意的角度不止一个,但是最符合考官要求的角度往往只有一个,或者二个。大家练习确定立意,往往也经过以下几个阶段。第一个阶段,你拿到一篇文章,你根本不知道从哪几个角度去立意,没有任何的想法和思路,根本抓不到总论点和分论点。第二个阶段,当你掌握了一定的方法,有了一定的知识储备的时候,你会有很多的想法,7、8个都算少的,你有可能产生十几个想法,每一种想法都可以写成一篇文。但是接下来,第三个阶段,就是把你的7、8个想法,按照命题人的要求和材料的逻辑,精选出一个或者两个,然后进行阐述。第三个阶段需要练习,也需要技巧。各位考生在日常的备考中,要不断练习,专家也会为大家继续提供找准立意的技巧。
英语说明文常见写作方法
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example, for instance, still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length (长度), the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally, a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外), most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是:
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如:
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实,在英—英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的。:A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
5.顺序法(sequence of time, space and process)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的:
Coal
Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright, brittle (脆的), black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代), when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate, the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on, the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations (几世纪后), as the ground kept gradually sinking, another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法:
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
参考译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
现在,让我们的想象飞向天空,天马行空地想象一下怎样可以让小狗爱上写作。
一、专业作文纸
首先,我们要找来一张张作文稿纸,在上面贴上一条条肉条,在肉条上写:“写作使人快乐”。当然要用可食用的颜料来写,否则小狗吃了可能会生病,接着把它拿给小狗,小狗每吃一条肉,就要看一遍,并在肉条中品味文字的滋味,日积月累,便学会写作。
二、利诱法
告诉狗狗:“只有写完作文,才能吃一个鸡腿,如果写得好,可以得到两个鸡腿。”狗狗听说有鸡腿,就会拼命地学写作,学阅读,学书写,学字词,最终学会写作。这时候,你应该奖励一下它,让它品尝到成功的滋味。如果这个办法行不通,那还是请你用别的方法来调教你的狗狗吧。比如我要介绍的'第三种方法。
三、特用笔墨法
买一台破壁机,将鸡鸭鱼肉全倒进去,打一打,打成汁,用它们在肉干上抄下一篇美文,让小狗吃了,它立刻思想大爆炸,疯狂地爱上写作。
以上为虚构内容,请勿实验!不过,现在就让想象再飞一会儿吧!
要写好一个人物,无外乎是写人物的语言、行动、外貌(肖像)、心理等等。下面我就自己的感受和经验谈几点切实可用的方法或注意点:
首先,要写好人物作文,就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人,才能感受得最真切最鲜活,对他(她)的一言一行,一颦一笑,才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》(见后文),写的是作者非常熟悉的人,所以全文写来既栩栩如生,又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人,虽然也能够写,但写出来的就可能毫无特色,会是千千万万个中的一个,这样写来不要说感动别人,有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。
其次,要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有,写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西,才能给人以冲击,才能给人留下深刻的印象,才能让人拍案称奇。
第三,不要什么都写,更不要事无巨细地写,要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了,决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中,“爹”的话语很少,前后加起来总共才三四句而已,可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。
第四,要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话,也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等,否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物,是不能写好人物的,更谈不上写出个性特点了。
第五,写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为,挖掘他们的典型事例,而且事例要新颖,因为人物的性格和品质,是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人,就要写他怎样帮助周围的人,或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候,我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候,我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。
我们来看这一段话:“回到教室,大家全都涌到郭枫面前,问:”坏小子,你捐一毛钱怎么能代表我们呢?‘郭枫眨了眨眼,骄傲地说:“其实我捐了100元!说捐一毛钱,那是逗你们玩的!’听了郭枫的话,同学们哭笑不得……”这一段话把细节描写得很好,“眨了眨眼”“骄傲地说”“哭笑不得”等词语把“郭枫”可气又可笑的性格描写得淋漓尽致。
点评:
人物描写着重于刻画人物的性格,表现人物的精神面貌,应力求具体生动,能做到绘声绘色地再现“人物”,让读者如见其人,如闻其声。我们生活中会遇到形形色色的人,这时我们应该仔细观察他们外部情态的特征性表现,进而深入他们的内心,了解他们的思想性格,学习长处,获取启示。
沏上一壶香茶,让悠扬的茶香飘入我颤动的`笔尖;沐浴着一缕缕阳光,让灿烂的光芒照进我漫妙的文字;抬头仰望着星空,让空浩的明月映进我平静如止水般的心房;欣赏着音乐,让欢快或忧伤的旋律流进我曲折的提纲。
“无心插柳柳成荫”我本不关心它,但梦想不允许我将它遗忘。空虚时,坐在窗前,取出笔和纸,坐上整整一天,直到月亮爬上树梢,直到公鸡啼鸣报晓;伤感事,坐在窗前,回忆脑海中的留恋,为它流泪,发出内心的哀伤和呼唤;突发灵感时,坐在窗前,任凭情感肆意流淌,不管时间怎样飞逝,哪怕写到地老天荒;闲暇时,坐在窗前,展开一段段奇妙的幻想,不管悲欢离合,还是重生与死亡,都使我难以忘怀。
忘了是哪天,朋友才女“唐伯虎”写了一首诗,犹如夏日里的秋风,吹走了我燥热的心情“闭上眼走在雨后的大地……”就像是填满心情的棉花糖,在我心中挥之不去。直到那一天,阳光融融,拂过内心小小的激动,春风暖暖,却吹过心底淡淡的苦涩。我怀着忐忑的心情,终于完成了自己有感而发的第一篇文章。虽然文笔显得很稚嫩,但,从此,我却爱上了它。
透过玻璃,望着窗外的天空,夕阳就要落下。天空涌现出彩云,随着风儿呈现出各种面貌与与万般风情。风吹过一片紫云,将夕阳遮掉了一半,那一半的残阳——似血。当一切都变得模糊的时候,我看见一双清澈的眼睛,温柔地注视着我孤独的灵魂。我茫然的望着她,她那深邃的眼神如泉水般清凉的洒在我的身上。她默默的注视着我,我也更加茫然地注视着她,仿佛时间也在这一刻静止了。她朝我自信的一笑,有如一道潺潺的溪水流进了我那颗炽热的心。
我猛然间醒悟了,那是天使的微笑,她在指引着我走向淡淡的墨香。
我是个可爱的小女孩,能歌善舞,可是我有个坏毛病,就是太胆小了,比如:不敢自己一个人关灯睡觉、不敢自己坐公交车、不敢回答老师提的问题……以至于别人都叫我“胆小鬼”,这让我很苦恼!
妈妈总是对我说:“你都这么大了,居然还这么胆小,唉……”虽然我一次次的保证,却又一次次的忘记。终于有一天,我下定了决心:一定要把胆小鬼赶走!
要想把“胆小鬼”赶走,需要改正之前的习惯,然后养成好的行为。于是,我开始用行动来证明,我已经不胆小了!
上课时老师提了一个特别简单的问题,有好多同学已经高高举起了手,我本不想举手的,可想起了我之前下的决心,我也举起了手。老师见我第一次主动举手,点名让我回答,我正确地回答了这个问题并且得到了老师的表扬,我心里高兴地开了花。要知道,以前我可从没有这么胆大过啊!
快要到睡觉的时间了,我像往常一样准备进妈妈的房间,与妈妈同床共枕。我前脚刚刚踏进房门,后脚又停住了。难道我不能遵守诺言吗?不行!于是,我一转身,进了书房。妈妈见我还没进来,就来书房问我:“丫头,怎么还不想睡吗?”我答到:“妈妈,今天我要自己一个人睡觉!以后也是!”妈妈望着我,笑了。第二天早晨,我醒了,发现我还在书房里,天哪!这真是大姑娘上花轿—头一回啊!
日复一日,“胆小鬼”竟然不知不觉离开我了,我非常开心摆脱了“胆小鬼”这个恶名。
我终于和胆小鬼说再见啦!