下面就是小编整理的4篇高中第三册名句名篇难点突破教案 (高三上册)，希望大家喜欢。
高中第三册名句名篇难点突破教案 (人教版高三上册)
一、提出问题及导学：
1、前期复习存在问题：积累不够，细心不够，不注重理解内容。
2、检测存在的问题：落实不够，字词错得多。
3、9月半月考反映出来的问题：只读不写，易错字错得多，不该错的字也成了易错字，得低分的较多，未达到复习的效果。
警示：名句名篇每空错一个字不得分。
4、第三册要求背诵的名篇最多，高考年年必考，四川解决了第三册，名句名篇的大半江山到手。以第三册为例，学习怎样落实。
二、复习目标：
1、逐一梳理第三册中要求背诵名篇的易错点。
2、力争解决大部分易错的问题，准确背诵和书写。
三、课时：1节课。
四、复习方法：自查自纠，互查互纠，检查纠漏。
五、复习内容及过程：
1、自学：学生自读高中语文第三册要求背诵的篇目，用括号画出易错的句子，用圆圈圈出易错的字、词，并在草稿本上规范书写一遍，并将特别易错的抄写在下面。（25分钟）
2、互查互纠：前后两人一组，用相互听写的方式检查自己在刚才梳理的易错的句子和字词。（5分钟）
3、小组交叉互纠：依次提出自己认为易错的句子和字词，共同商讨记忆方法和需要注意的地方。（5分钟）
4、老师总结易错点：
（1）高度重视，突破生僻难写字。
对于要求背诵的名句名篇，多数同学能熟读成诵，但在考试中却不得分，其中一个重要原因是生僻字难写字书写有误，一字之差，导致丢分，实在遗憾。
例1：皇揽揆余初度兮，肇锡余以嘉名。（屈原《离骚》）
彩舟云淡，星河鹭起。（王安石《桂枝香金陵怀古》）
帘外雨潺潺，春意阑珊。（李煜《浪淘沙》）
以上三句中的“揽揆”“ 肇锡” “鹭”“ 潺潺”“阑珊”就极易写误，复习中要反复多写几遍，强化记忆。
（2）特别细心，注意同音异义词
读音相同，意义不同甚至相反的词语在名句名篇中大量存在，这也是命题人“设伏”的热点。复习中应该特别注意这些同音异义词，做到既知其音，更明其义。
例2：君当作磐石，妾当作蒲苇。（乐府诗《孔雀东南飞》）
青青园中葵，朝露待日。（乐府诗《长歌行》）
千岩万转路不定，迷花倚石忽已暝。（李白《梦游天姥吟留别》）
艰难苦恨繁霜鬓，潦倒新停浊酒杯。（杜甫《登高》）
以上四句中，“作”的意思是“作为”，容易当然地误写作“做”；第二句中“”的意思是“太阳的光辉”，易误为“稀”；“繁”是“增多”，易写成“烦”“暝”的意思是“天色变暗”，易误为“冥”。
（3）强行死记，注意同义异形词
意思相同而字形迥异的词在名句名篇中也是屡见不鲜的，这类词对学生有更大的迷惑性和误导性，是考试得分的“盲点”之一，复习时也应引起高度重视。
例3：云青青兮欲雨，水澹澹兮生烟。（李白《梦游天姥吟留别》）
人生如梦，一尊还酹江月。（苏轼《念奴娇赤壁怀古》）
相顾无言，惟有泪千行。（苏轼《江城子》）
三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。（杜甫《蜀相》
（4）注意理解，留意具体语境
名句名篇的背诵与默写，不应机械古板地死记硬背，要联系上下文，在具体语境中分析品味和识记一些关键的词语，从而使自己对名句既有感性的记忆，又有理性的思考。
例4：竹喧归浣女，莲动下渔舟。（王维《山居秋暝》）
千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。（白居易《琵琶行》）
奉之弥繁，侵之愈急。（苏洵《六国论》）
（5）整体记忆，留心语句顺序
有不少名句的语句顺序即使颠倒，意思也不会发生改变，部分学生不知就里，往往观其大略、不求甚解，导致把语句顺序写颠倒，白白丢失了分数。
例5：沧海月明珠有泪，蓝田日暖玉生烟。（李商隐《锦瑟》）
小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。（李煜《虞美人》）
两情若是久长时，又岂在朝朝暮暮。（秦观《鹊桥仙》）
以上这三句，稍不注意，就很可能写错顺序：“月明”写成“明月”；“久长”写成“长久”。
六、检测练习
1、思（ ）先祖父，（ ）霜露，斩荆棘，以有尺寸之地。子孙视之不（ ）惜，举以（ ）人，如弃草（ ）。 （苏洵《六国论》）
2、古人之观于天地、山川、草木、虫鱼、鸟兽，往往有得，以其求思之深而无不在也。夫（ ）以近，则游者众；险以远，则至者少。而世之奇伟、（ ）怪、非常之观，常在于险远，而人之所（ ）焉，故非有志者不能至也。有志矣，不随以止也，然力不足者，亦不能（ ）也。有志与力，而又不随以（ ），至于（ ）暗昏（ ）而无物以相之，亦不能至也。 （王安石《游褒禅山记》）
3、曹操在《短歌行》中说：“ ， 。” 这是以前人自比，表示愿意殷勤接待贤才，渴望有更多的人才来帮助自己建功立业之意。
[答案]周公吐哺 天下归心
4、在中国的诗词文化里，“酒“与“愁”总是紧密联系在一起的'，如曹操《短歌行》“ ，人生几何？”“何以解忧？ ”；白居易《琵琶行》“ ，别时茫茫江浸月”，“春江花朝秋月夜，往往取酒还独倾”；柳永《雨霖铃》“ ？杨柳岸晓风残月”；李清照《声声慢》“ ，怎敌他，晚来风急？”
对酒当歌 唯有杜康 醉不成欢惨将别 今宵酒醒何处 三杯两盏淡酒
5、屈原在《离骚》中擅长以“香草美人”作比，如“扈江离与辟芷兮， ”，“朝搴o之木兰兮， ”，“惟草木之零落兮， ”。屈原在《离骚》中劝告楚王改变因循守旧态度的句子是“ ，何不改乎此度也？ ，来吾道夫先路也”。
纫秋兰以为佩 夕揽州之宿莽 恐美人之迟暮 不抚壮而弃秽兮 乘骐骥以驰骋兮
6、古诗文中的“情”丰厚了华夏文明，滋润了民族精神，如《离骚》中的“ ，来吾道夫先路也”表达了屈原的耿耿忠心；秦观《鹊桥仙》中的“ ， ”表达了对忠贞爱情的深情；《书愤》中的“ ， ”表达了陆游年老体衰，壮志难酬的悲情。
乘骐骥以驰骋兮 两情若是久长时 又岂在朝朝暮暮 塞上长城空自许 镜中衰鬓已先斑
7、学习古诗，不仅是为了学习欣赏，古人许多文质兼美的诗句，仍然活在我们今天的语言里。唐代诗人杜甫《登高》一诗中的名句“ ， ”，今人常用来表达旧事物终将衰落、历史长河仍将向前之意。宋代词人 《雨霖铃》中的名句“ ， ”，更常被用来表现亲朋洒泪而别、欲语难言的感人场面。
无边落木萧萧下 不尽长江滚滚来 执手相看泪眼 竟无语凝噎
8、“ ， ”是《琵琶行》全诗的主旨，更是诗人与琵琶女感情的共鸣。
同是天涯沦落人 相逢何必曾相识
9、古诗词中“雨”已成为诗人抒发情感的载体，如王维《山居秋暝》中的“ ， ”写出了深山雨后的清新，柳永《雨霖铃》中的“ ， ， ”交代了离别时的伤感场景，李清照《声声慢》中的“ ， ， ”表面写雨下不停，实抒愁绪不断。辛弃疾《永遇乐京口北固亭怀古》中的“ ， ”历史的风雨洗去了英雄旧事。
空山新雨后 天气晚来秋 寒蝉凄切 对长亭晚骤雨初歇 梧桐更兼细雨 到黄昏，点点滴滴 舞榭歌台 风流总被雨打风吹去
10、杜甫《衷江头》中有两句诗“江头宫殿锁千门，细柳新蒲为谁绿?”姜夔《扬州慢》中也有两句诗与此意思相近，手法相同，这两句是“ ， ?”姜夔《扬州慢》词序中有”寒水自碧”句，意在反衬，杜甫《蜀相》中颔联“ ， ”与此有异曲同工之妙。
念桥边红药 年年知为谁生 映阶碧草自春色 隔叶黄鹂空好音
吴六国
一、教学设计
1、使用教材：人教版高中《语文》必修五第三单元
第8课《咬文嚼字》
2、教学目标：
（1）知识与能力：理解文章内容，掌握文章写作思路。
（2）过程与方法：布置学生在课前预习课文，理解文中所选的诗词及故事背景。
（3）情感态度与价值观：学习作者严谨的治学态度，培养学生学习过程中“咬文嚼字”的习惯。
3、教学重点：理清作者的写作思路，把握文章主旨。
4、教学难点：理解并正确评价作者的观点，学会在平常的学习中“咬文嚼字”。
5、设计思路：这篇文章是朱光潜先生的一篇随笔，同时也是一篇短小精悍的议论文。他告诉人们无论阅读或写作，都要有咬文嚼字的精神，刻苦自励，追求艺术的完美。在教学过程中，应一方面抓住议论文的特点，了解作者观点，理清论证思路；一方面引导学生培养咬文嚼字的精神，养成良好的阅读和写作习惯。因此，教学设计在分析论证思路的同时，培养学生独立思考、质疑探究的习惯，增强思维的深刻性和批判性，并将这种思维习惯运用到自己的学习中。
6、教学方法：自主——合作——探究法，诵读法，点拨法
7、教具准备：PPT课件（另附）
8、课时安排：一课时
二、教学过程：
（一）#教案# 导语设计
[PPT课件演示：P.1课题]
9月4日，温__总理在北京市第三十五中学调研时说“广大师生应该做到：不计名利，成功不必在我；甘为人梯，奋斗当以身为先。自强不息，成功必定在我；奋发有为，报国当以身为先。”我想这是对我们的希望也是要求。大家一起朗读一下这段话。
[PPT课件演示：P.2]
做学问也好，生活也罢，我们都需要有不计名利，自强不息的精神，今天我们学习的《咬文嚼字》的作者便是拥有这样精神的人。
（二）认识作者
[PPT课件演示：P.3]
朱光潜(1897-1986),安徽桐城人。现代美学家、文艺理论家。现代美学的开拓者、奠基者之一。代表作品:《文艺心理学》、《谈美书简》、《西方美学史》等。
人生格言：“以出世的精神，做入世的事业。”
明确：1、朱光潜是安徽人，他是安徽的骄傲，引导学生要关注本地的名人。
2、他的人生格言正是温总理讲话中所提到的不计名利，自强不息的写照，而他的这篇随笔正是被这样的精神触发，思考完成的。
（三）粗读课文，把握论点
请学生在预习的基础上再读课文，思考问题：
1、“咬文嚼字”什么意思？
[PPT课件演示：P.4]
明确：过分地斟酌字句（多指死抠字眼而不领会精神实质）。
2、看起来“咬文嚼字”有些贬义，那么朱光潜为什么会用它来作为自己的观点，一定有他的道理，那么，请同学在课文中找一找作者是怎样阐述自己的观点的？
（学生思考讨论，总结归纳）
明确：咬文嚼字，在表面上像只是斟酌文字的分量，在实际上就是调整思想和情感。但是在文学，无论阅读或写作，我们必须有一字不肯放松的谨严。
（四）再读课文，深入分析
1、为了让大家接受这个观点，作者选了哪些例子来证明呢？
[PPT课件演示：P.5]
明确：①郭沫若改字②王若虚改句
③贾岛“推敲”④苏轼《惠》诗
⑤“套板反应”
2、文章最后一段中说“以上只是随便举几个实例，说明咬文嚼字的道理”，你认为作者是随便举的例子么？
（学生思考并讨论）
明确：这些例子不仅不是随便举的，而且是用心选择的。从选材的内容来看，一方面是关于文字修改，一方面是有关联想意义；从修改的效果来看，有成功的，也有失败的。
3、具体分析有关文字修改的例子：
①郭沫若改字
（通过指导学生诵读修改前后的句子来体会“咬文嚼字”的精神。）
明确：同样是一种改法，却产生两种不同的效果，一个成功，一个失败。原因在于不同情感的句子不可以千篇 一律的修改，应分析句子情感，把握句式特点来修改。
[PPT课件演示：P.6]
补充示例：唐代诗人宋之问《渡汉江》“岭外音书断，经冬复历春。近乡情更怯，不敢问来人。”中“怯”能否替换成“切”呢？
很显然，不可以。“怯”更能表达作者逃亡时的胆怯心情，既急切的咬
想知道家人的情况，又担心自己给家人带来灾祸，“怯”可以非常准确的表现当时那种矛盾的心情。
总结：写文章时要求用词准确，古往今来有多少人在斟酌字句的道路上不断探索着。
[PPT课件演示：P.7]
吟安一个字,拈断数茎须。（唐·卢延让）
为人性僻耽佳句，语不惊人死不休。（唐·杜甫）
无论你所要讲的是什么,真正能够表现它的句子只有一个,真正适用的动词和形容词也只有一个,就是那最准确的一句、最准确的一个动词和形容词。其他类似的却很多。而你必须把这的句子、的动词、的形容词找出来。（法·福楼拜）
②王若虚该句
（指导学生朗读修改前后的句子，体会修改的效果）
明确：改过之后确实更简洁了，但却缺少了意味。
[PPT课件演示：P.8]
补充示例：宋人欧阳修的《醉翁亭记》第一段原来是“环滁四面皆山，东有乌龙山，西有大丰山，南有花山，北有白米山，其西南诸山，林壑尤美。”最后修改为“环滁皆山也。”
这是修改的更简洁的成功的示例。
总结：文句是否简洁并不是最重要的，重要的是怎样表述才最符合原文的意味，也就是说咬文嚼字的精髓是调整思想和情感。
③贾岛“推敲”
[PPT课件演示：P.9]
（这个故事已经耳熟能详，重点在于了解作者是怎样咬文嚼字的，同时引导学生用咬文嚼字的精神自己分析诗句，提出看法。）
⑴请找出文中作者的理由和解释。
⑵你认为应该用“推”还是“敲”呢，说说你的理由。
（学生可自由讨论，只要解释合理就应给予鼓励）
总结：无论用那个字，好像都有道理，其实就在于不同的字表现的意境不同，每个字所蕴含的意境又是合乎情境的，所以都是可以的。
小结：以上三个例子有成功，有失败，他们的评判标准都是一样的，即这个词或句是否符合作者的思想情感。
4、具体分析有关联想意义的例子：
①苏轼《惠》诗
（指导学生理解诗句的意思，领会利用联想意义的妙处。）
补充注释：小龙团是福建名茶，一般是地方上供给皇帝的茶。一两茶相当于0.1两黄金。苏轼在任常州刺史时得到朋友赠送的小龙团，异常兴奋，来到无锡的第二泉取泉水泡茶。小龙团是茶团，北宋蔡襄创制的一种名茶，形状似饼，这就可以帮助学生理解“天上小团月”是由“小龙团”茶联想起来的，因为他们的形状都是圆形的。
②“套板反应”
（指导学生理解“套板反应”的概念，概括作者的观点。）
⑴根据文意，用自己的话概括“套板反应”。
⑵作者的观点是什么？
明确：反对。“套板反应”背离了创新，引不起新鲜和真切的情趣。
唐代的古文运动中韩愈等人提出写文章要“师其意而不师其辞”，“词必己出”，这体现的就是创新，反对掉书袋。
总结：这一正一反两个例子都充分说明了咬文嚼字还应有创新意识。合理的运用联想意义。
[PPT课件演示：P.10]
补充示例：唐代大诗人杜甫《江南逢李龟年》“岐王宅里寻常见，崔九堂前几度闻。正是江南好风景，落花时节又逢君。”注：李龟年为唐代的音乐家，受唐玄宗赏识，后流落江南。
思考：其中“江南”两字你能有多少联想呢？
明确：⑴点明与李龟年相逢的时令暮春；⑵暗指李龟年不幸的身世；
⑶暗指自己不幸的身世；⑷暗指唐王朝衰落时期。
5、小结：通过举例论证和正反对比论证，作者指出无论是文字修改，还是使用联想意义，我们都要寻求思想情感和语言的精炼和吻合，这样才会达到艺术的完美。
（五）引申探究，比较阅读
研讨与练习中列举了一篇文章《不求甚解》（马南邨），其中提出了另一种阅读的方法，读书“不要固执一点，咬文嚼字”。面对朱光潜和马南邨的不同见解，请结合自己的读书习惯谈谈你的看法。
（引导学生自由讨论，老师可加以指导和鼓励。）
（六）应用拓展，活学活用
课前老师要求学生整理出自己平常读书时“咀嚼”出的好句子，选择了其中的一部分，请学生自己赏析。
[PPT课件演示：P.11—P.15]
（由选出语段的同学先发表观点，再由其他学生补充。）
[PPT课件演示：P.16]
总结：很好的思想内容，像一盏画得很美的纱灯，表达思想的文字就像灯里的烛光。若是里面的烛光很亮，这盏灯上的美丽图画就会映射得纤毫毕现；若是烛光昏暗，无论是多美的纱灯，也会减色。（冰心《漫谈语文的教学与学习》）
（七）作业设计
片段训练：请写一个片段来赏析你所喜欢的语段，可从内容和形式两方面分析。要求：重点突出，语句通顺，有自己独特的见解，字数不少于400字。
（八）板书设计
郭沫若改字——不同情感
文字修改王若虚改句——不同意味
咬文嚼字贾岛“推敲”——不同意境
苏轼《惠》诗——正面
联想意义
“套板反应”——反面
1.comparisons
[U] 比较
He showed us a good tyre for comparison. 他给我们一个好轮胎作比较。
comparison of A to/and/with B, comparison between A and B A和B的比较
It is often useful to make a comparison between two things.
将两件事物相比较往往是有益的。
bear/stand comparison with sb./sth. 比得上某人/某物
That’s a good dictionary, but it doesn’t bear comparison with this one.
那是本好字典，但比不上这本。
by/in comparison with sb./sth. 相比之下，比较起来
The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with those in New York.
Learning through doing means being active in exploring the environment and finding out about things by moving and touching. 在实践中学习意味着积极地探索环境，通过触摸去了解事物。
此句中注意…by doing sth 这个结构，用来表示通过某种方式或手段。本文中出现的还有：
Students who find it easiest to learn a new concept by hearing a teacher explain it are learning through listening.
有一些学生，他们发现学会一个新概念的最简单的方法是听老师解释，这些学生是通过听来学的。
compareA with B A和B的比较
2.People aged 15 and over who are unable or find it very difficult to read.
十五岁及以上不识字或识字有困难的人。
（1）这不是一个句子。句中的people被形容词短语aged 15 and over 和定语从句who are unable or find it very difficult to read 限定。
（2）aged 形容词。
①本句中意为“有…岁的，…年纪的。”
Among the smokers, about 20 percent of them are children aged between 13 and 15 years old.
百分之二十的吸烟者是13至15岁的儿童。
In the morning old people get up early and practice Qigong in groups in parks, and a lot of middle-aged
people dance together.清晨，老年人早起在公园里成群地练气功，中年人在一起跳舞。
② aged 还有“年老的”意思。 “the aged”指“老年人”。
The sick and the aged need our help.这些病人和老年人需要我们的帮助。
The aged woman was wrinkled and bent.这个老妇人满脸皱纹，佝偻着腰。
3.strict adj.严格的 严谨的，严密的
注意:be strict with sb./in sth.
We should maintain strict discipline.我们应当保持严格的纪律。
Her parents are strict with her.她的父母对她要求很严格。
Our teacher is strict in his work.我们的老师对工作非常严谨。
完全的，绝对的 常用短语：strict secrecy 绝密
4.a heavy workload（P.102）
She has a very heavy workload.她的工作量很重。
The machine can't cope with such a heavy load.这台机器承担不了这么中的工作负荷。
load负荷；负担；载重 ；装载量; [喻]负担; 重任, 工作量
The truck was carrying a load of bananas.卡车装了满满一车的香蕉。
a bus-load of schoolchildren满满一公共汽车的学童
a heavy teaching/learning load沉重的教学学习负担
[pl. ]许多, 大量, 一大堆loads of friends/money大批朋友= a load of
vt, vi（常与up, with连用）装，装满，载满
We loaded the truck with bananas. 我们把香蕉装上卡车。=We loaded the bananas into the van/lorry.
I was loaded down with the heavy luggage.这件大行李把我压得挺不起腰来。
Have you had your gun loaded?你的枪上了子弹吗?
Don’t move ! The gun is loaded. load a camera (with film)把胶卷装入照相机
load sb. with praise对某人大加颂扬 bear a load on one 's shoulders挑起重担
cast [lay] the load on [upon]把责任推给... take a load off one’s mind 消除思想负担
5.In 1986,the Chinese government introduced a law stating that by the year 2000 every Chinese child would have nine years of compulsory education. 在1986年，中国政府提出了一项关于在以前每个中国孩子将会接受九年义务教育的法律。
compulsory adj.强迫的， 强制的； 义务的； 必修的
compulsory measures强迫手段 compulsory legislation强制性立法
compulsory subjects必修科目 compulsory service system义务兵役制
Which subjects are compulsory in your school?在你们学校里，哪些课程是必修的？
Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the age of 5 and 16.
在英国5岁到16岁的儿童都要接受义务教育。
6.Although there were several problems in reaching this target,the outcome was highly successful.
尽管在达成这个目标方面有一些问题，但是结果还是很成功的。
highly 与high 区别; close 与closely 区别
Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞着？
The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。
引申：Suddenly the door was ______and in came Mr. Wang.
A. open wide B. widely open C. wide opened D. open widely
（答案为C，由前面的suddenly可见，此句强调动作，故用被动语态，而不用形容词，wide与widely都有副词，但是意义不同，他们的区别好象deep/deeply，high/highly，close/closely）
7.It is reported that 99% of school-age in China attended primary school by 2004.
据报道，在以前，中国99％的学龄儿童能进入小学。
It is reported that 据报道。。。
类似的句型还有：it is said/ believed/hoped/announced that …
8.In China,as in other countries,the government realizes that the future welfare of its citizens is closely linked
to education. 如同在其他国家一样，中国政府意识到中国市民的将来福利与教育密切相连。
(1) as in other countries,相当于as it is in other countries, it 指代的是后面提到的情形。
In India, as in China, you can enjoy ancient culture and attractive scenery.
在印度，正如在中国，你可以领略到古老的文化和迷人的风景。
(2) be closely linked to “与…紧密相关的”。由“link sth to(with) sth”而来，意为：“使和…联系起来”。
相当于“be related to”.
Ice and snow are closely linked to the lives of Canadians.冰与雪与加拿大人的生活紧密相关。
Violence is the activity that has been most frequently linked with the consequences of TV.
暴力行为往往与看电视的后果相联系。
9.When the World Education Forum met in 2000,it calculated that here were 113 million children not in
schoool.At the Forum,the member countries of the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Culture
Organisation(UNESCO)made a commitment to provide “complete,free and compulsory primary education of
good quality for all children by 2015”.They called this goal”Education For All”.These countries are now
trying to get every child into school,and they are experiencing smiliar difficulties to those that China faces.
在20召开的世界教育论坛会上，计算出有一亿一千三百万个孩子未进入学校。在论坛会上，联合教育成员国，科学和文化组织（UNESCO）做了一个承诺，目的是去提供“在之前，为所有孩子提供完全免费的高质量的义务教育”。他们称这个目标为 “全民教育“。现在，这些国家正努力去争取让每一个孩子都入学，而且他们也正经历着类似于中国所面临的困难。
commitment 承诺；责任；承担义务
The general has repeated his commitment to holding elections as soon as possible.
将军重申了尽快进行选举的承诺。
I've taken on too many commitments.我承担的义务太多了。
忠诚，信奉，支持
The company’s success this year would not have been possible without the commitment and dedication of the
staff. 如果没有员工的奉献精神，公司今年的成功是不可能的。
face to face 面对面地
I rushed out of the office and found myself face-to-face with the boss.我冲出办公室,面对面地碰上了老板。
The burglar turned the corner and found himself face to face with a policeman.
那窃贼转过墙角，面对面碰上一个警察。
in the face of 不顾；面对，在…前面
He succeeded in the face of great difficulties. 尽管有巨大的困难，但他成功了。
be faced with 面临
I realized that Hamlet was faced with an entirely different problem.
我意识到Hamlet面临着完全不同的问题。
The state is now faced with the immediate question of raising new taxes. 国家面临紧迫的问题，收新税。
10.To begin with, it is important to creat a positive attitude.In areas where agriculture plays an important
role,people do not attach importance to education,and parents are skeptical of anything that takes children
away from their work on the farm. 首先，创造一个积极的态度是一个重要的开端。在农业为主体的地区，
人们不重视教育，家长们对不让孩子们参加地里劳作的做法很有疑虑。
▲to begin with 首先，第一， 起初
I’m not going. To begin with I haven’t a ticket, and secondly I don’t like the play.
我不去。一来我没票，二来我不喜欢这出戏。
To begin with he had no money, but later he became quite rich. 他起初没钱，可是后来相当富有了。
To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.
首先,我们必须全面地考虑全体员工的素质。
类似词组有：to start with; to tell the truth; to be honest; to be frank; to make things worse
▲attach importance to
Do you attach any importance to what he said? 你认为他说的话重要吗？
关于attach 的其他用法请参看第五单元和第十单元
▲sceptical adj.怀疑论的; 不可知论的；怀疑宗教教条的; 怀疑的
He was skeptical about the announcement by the government.他对政府的通告表示怀疑。
(suspect /suspicious /suspicion)
be [fell] suspicious of [about]对...怀疑
I am suspicious of that woman - I think she may have stolen something from our shop.
.....我怀疑她有可能从我们商店偷了什么东西
I have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth.我怀疑她在说谎。
可疑的, 令人怀疑的suspicious actions可疑的行为
多疑的, 对...起疑心的(of, about) The ignorant are suspicious.无知者多疑。
sceptic 怀疑论者 scepticism 怀疑论，怀疑主义
Unit 11 suspect(P.93)
疑有,察觉
The tiger suspected danger and ran away.老虎意识到危险便逃跑了。
怀疑,不信任
We suspected their honesty. 我们不相信他们是诚实的。
怀疑(某人犯有过错)[+of] [+(that)]
The police suspected Bill of having done it. = The police suspected that Bill did it.
警察怀疑那件事是比尔干的。
复习对比：
The police accused him of murder.= The police charged him with murder.警方指控他谋杀。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。
猜想;料想 [+(that)]
I suspect they'll come.我想他们会来的。
n.嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
11.It has to be explained how the child,the family and the community can be benefit,but it is not easy to change traditional ideas.China and other countries found that even when children from the countryside do start school,they have a tendency to be absent and often drop out later.In some cultures parents are particularly unwilling to send their daughters to school because the custom is to educate boys rather than girls. 尽管关于孩子，家庭和社区怎样才能受益已经做出了解释，但是要改变传统的观念是不容易的。中国和其他国家发现，即使当来自乡下的孩子开始上学的时候，他们经常旷课，然后就有退学的倾向。尤其是在一些地区，由于认为教育是给男孩的而不是为女孩的风气，所以父母总是不情愿送女儿上学。
▲tendency
There is an increasing tendency towards the use of mobile phones by middle school students.
中学生使用手机的趋势在上升。
She showed musical tendencies from an early age.她从小就显示出对音乐的喜爱。
have a tendency to do sth. 做…的倾向
She has a strong tendency to forget things. 她很容易忘记事情。
tend vi ① 有……的习惯或倾向，倾向于 (tend to do sth.)
Janet tends to get（=usually gets）very angry if you disagree with her.
你如果不顺着珍妮，她往往容易大发脾气。
② 通向，朝……方向发展 （tend+副词）
The road tends north .路向北延伸。
③ tend to/towards+名
The sort of music he listens to varies,but tends to pop music.
他所听的音乐形形色色，不过倾向于流行音乐。
▲absent
（1）adj.① 缺席的，不在的（from）；
He is absent from Beijing.他不在北京。
He is absent in Beijing.他外出了，目前在北京。
He is often absent from classes.他经常缺课。
②心不在焉的，漫不经心的，茫然的（置于名词前）
There was an absent expression on his face.他脸上带着茫然若失的表情。
in an absent way 茫然地
（2）vt.（较正式）缺席不到 惯用语 absent oneself from 缺席
He absented himself from the meeting.他没有出席会议。
absent-minded adj.心不在焉的
▲drop out 退学 1 退出，脱离2 退学，辍学
（1）从（活动、竞赛中）退出
Since his defeat he has dropped out of politics.他失败后就不再从事政治活动了。
（2）中途退学、辍学
He dropped out of college after only 2 weeks.他在学院里只上了两周就退学了。
a word that has dropped out of the language 该语言中已经废弃的一个词。
Peter dropped out before completing one circuit/lap of the track.还没跑完一圈就掉队了。
其它词组：drop behind 落后 drop by 顺便访问：停下做短暂访问
drop off 睡着；减少 drop in on sb. at a place 顺便走访
drop into 跌入，落下，不知不觉
▲be willing /unwilling to do （不）愿意。（不）乐意
They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights. 他们有一份愿意夜间工作的人的名单。
I’m perfectly willing to discuss the problem.我十分乐意讨论这个问题。
They are unwilling to invest any more money in the project. 他们不愿再为这个项目投资。
She was unable, or unwilling, to give me any further details.她不能，或不愿意，向我提供进一步的细节。
12.China’s large population meant that the school had to expand to take in many more students. 中国人口众多，这就意味着为接受更多学生就必须扩大学校。
▲mean在此句中意为：“意味着…”后面可以跟名词、动名词或从句。
Life to him meant action, rather than thought.对他来说，生活意味着行动，而不是思索。
I won’t wait if it means delaying more than a week.我不会等待，如果这意味着耽搁一个多星期。
In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting for another hour.
在伦敦的一些地区，错过一辆巴士意味着得再等一个小时。
I’m sorry I hurt you. I didn’t mean to.
His father meant him to be an engineer. 他父亲想让他当工程师。
词组：
Don’t laugh! I mean it (= I am serious).不要笑，我是当真的。
You’re meant to (= you are supposed to) pay before you go in.
I was never meant for the army (= did not have the qualities needed to become a soldier).
我根本就不是块当兵的料。
Philip and Kim were meant for each other (= are very suitable as partners). Philip 和Kim真是天生的一对。
‘Do you mind if I have a look?’ ‘By all means.’借我看一眼行吗？当然可以。
The load was lifted by means of a crane. 重物是用起重机吊起来的。
She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. 她绝不是一个毫无经验的老师。
By no means are these cases exceptional. 这些例子绝不是例外。
We haven’t won yet, not by any means. 我们离成功还远着呢。
▲expand扩大，增大，膨胀，增强，伸展（become greater in size, number or importance）.
Our foreign trade has expanded greatly in recent years.我们的对外贸易近来有极大的发展。
His modest business eventually expanded into a supermarket empire.
他原先不大的生意后来扩展成了超级市场集团企业。
The petals of the flowers expanded in the sunshine.花瓣在阳光下开放。
Water expands when it freezes.水结冰时体积膨胀。
Metal expands when heated. 加热，金属就会膨胀。
The eagle expanded its wings.老鹰展开翅膀。
In ten years the city’s population expanded by 12%.十年之中,该城人口增加了百分之十二。
expand a story into a novel 把故事扩展成小说
详述（故事，论证等）,引申[(+on/upon)]
I don’t quite follow your reasoning. Can you expand (on it)?我不大理解你的论断，你能详细地加以说明吗？
You’ll have to expand your argument if you want to convince me.你如果想使我信服， 就必须详述你的论点。
They have expanded my view on the question.他们已更充分地阐明了我对这个问题的观点。
变得更友善更健谈
He expanded a little when he had had a drink, and started to talk more freely.
他喝了一杯酒，变得更友善，并开始畅谈起来。
expansion n.扩充, 开展, 膨胀, 扩张物, 辽阔, 浩瀚
expansive(ly) adj.扩张(性)的, 膨胀(性)的; 辽[广]阔的, 浩瀚的, 广泛的
▲take in 本句中意为“接受，接纳。”它还可以表示以下等含义：
① 理解，领会，明白
They listened to my lecture, but how much did they take in, I wonder?
他们听了我的讲座，但是我怀疑他们到底听懂了多少。
② 包括，涉及
The article takes in all aspects of the problem.这篇文章包括了这个问题的所有方面。
③ 欺骗，使上当
Don’t trust that fellow, he’ll take you in if he gets the chance.不要相信那个家伙，他一有机会就回会骗你。
④ 将（衣服）收小，改瘦。
I’m getting much thinner, I’ll take in all my clothes.我瘦多了，我得将我所有的衣服都改小。
13.How people are distributed can also affect the education system. 人们如何被分配也能影响教育系统。
distribute...over ...把...配给到[分配到, 散布于]...
distribute sth. to把某物分[配, 发]给...
distribute sth. among把某物分[配, 发]给...
A leader distributed the prizes to/among the winners.一个领导把奖品颁发给优胜者。
He was distributing leaflets to the crowd.他正在向人群散发传单。
The new machine distributes seeds evenly and quickly.这部新机器播种又匀又快。
Our shops are distributed all over the city.我们的商店遍布全城。
This species of butterfly is widely distributed over our country.这种蝴蝶在我国分布很广。
The teacher distributed the pupils into three groups.老师把学生分成三组。
distribution n.分配, 分发, 配给物, 销售, 法院对无遗嘱死亡者财产的分配, 分布状态, 区分
the distribution of wealth财富的分配 the distribution of profits利润的分配
the distribution of insects昆虫分类
14.These has been a shortage of teachers.Countries with a small population have problems too.In the Turks and Caicos Islands,where there are less than 20,000 people,the number of students in some schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same classroom. In China most citizens live in the eastern areas and this results in large class sizes. 已经出现老师短缺问题。人口少的国家也有问题。在特克斯和凯科斯群岛，人口不足两万，有些学校里学生数量很少，以至于不同年级的学生在同一间教室里上课。人们如何被分配也能影响教育系统。在中国，大多数市民住在东部区域，这造成了大班级。
result in （造成，导致）, result from （因……发生，随……产生）
因result in 果 导致 Hard work results in success
果 result from 因 由…导致 Success results from hard work.
job losses resulting from changes in production 生产革新造成的失业。
The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 飓风已经造成成千上万的人死亡。
When water levels rise, flooding results.水位上升，就会发洪水。
15.Parts of the remote central and western provinces,however,have few people.Schools in these regions cannot support teachers for the small numbers of students at each level,so teachers have mixed-grade classes.In North and central Australia the population is so spread out that children in some rural settlements can be as far as 1,000 km away from the nearest school. 然而，在遥远的中部和西部省份，人口太少，在这些区域的学校不可能为每个水平上的小数量的学生支援老师。因此，老师只能教混合班级。在澳大利亚的北部和中部，人口是如此的疏散以至于在一些乡下的定居区的孩子去远达1000公里的最近的学校去上学。
Halong Bay in Vietnam is made up of three thousand islands spread out in the clear green waters of the sea.
越南的九龙湾由三千个岛屿构成，这些岛屿散布在蔚蓝清澈的大海中。
spread out 分散 伸展身体，摊开东西
Don’t all sit together, spread yourselves out.别都挤在一块儿，分开坐吧。
There’s more room to spread out in first class. 头等舱宽敞些，伸得开腿。
Do you have to spread yourself out all over the sofa？你就非得躺下，把整个大沙发全占了才行吗？
The searchers spread out to cover the area faster. 搜索人员分散开来，好更快搜索这一地区。
as far as
as far as the eye can / could see 极目所尽
The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.
荒凉的旷野向四面伸展开去，一望无际。
As far as we knew, there was no cause for concern. 就我们所知，没什么可担心的。
As far as I can see, you’ve done nothing wrong. 依我看，你没有做错任何事。
She lived in Chicago, as far as I can remember. 据我所记得的，她过去住在Chicago。
as / so far as sb/sth is concerned 就……而言
As far as I am concerned, you can do what you like.就我而言，你想干什么就干什么。
16.The success of a country in bringing education to all also depends on the economy.In many developing countries there is not enough money available to provide classrooms,desks,chairs,books and teachers for all the children.To equip schools some of these governments rely almost completely on aid from other countries,international organizations such as the World Bank and non-governmental organizations such as Save the Children. 一个国家在教育上的成功也全部依赖于经济。在许多发展中国家，不可能有足够的钱来为所有的孩子提供教室、书桌、椅子、书籍和老师。为装备学校，一些政府几乎完全依赖其他国家的援助，国际组织如世界银行和象挽救孩子这样的非政府组织都在为这些国家提供帮助。
rely on/upon sb. /sth. to do sth./ depend on
依赖,指望某人、某事物
I relied on your coming early.我指望你早点来。
信任、依赖某人/某事物
You can rely on me to keep your secret.你尽管相信我一定为你保密。
复习depend on
The price depends on the quality.价格取决于质量。
Today,there are few industries and commercial organizations that do not depend on computers.
如今，几乎所有的工业和商业组织都依赖电脑。
The flooded areas depended on the government for relief.
洪水受灾地区依靠政府的救济。
You may depend on them to arrive early.他们早到是会靠得住的。
Shall we go climbing tomorrow? It all depends on the weather/That depends(It all depends).
明天去登山如何？看天气的状况再说吧。/要视具体情况而定。
17.Other countries receive help with particular programmes:both the World Bank and Save the Children have helped China with schools in less developed provinces.Corporation and private citizens also donate money through the Hope Project.
donate vt.捐赠，赠予 (contribute)
donate blood to a blood bank向血库献血
donate 1, 000 dollars to school给一所学校捐赠1, 000美元
捐献,捐赠[(+to)]
She donated her books to the library.她把自己的书捐赠给图书馆。
14.Even the richest nation in the world faces problems.The USA has found that it is not easy to make sure that every student receives the same quality of teaching.One in three students in the United States lives in the countryside,and providing them with a full curriculum is difficult. 甚至世界上最富有的国家也面临一些问题。美国已发现确定每位学生接受教学的相同质量是不容易的。三分之一的美国学生居住在乡下，给他们提供一个完整的课程是很困难的。
curriculum n.[C] 学校的全部课程
The student is very knowledgeable because he also studies things not in the curriculum.
这个学生知识很丰富,因为在学校课程以外他还学习别的东西。
(一门)课程
The professor is busy preparing his chemistry curriculum plan.这位教授正忙于准备他的化学课程计划。
18.Chian has also adopted distance learning methods such as television lessons,and in 1999,the Ministry of Education introduced computerised teaching networks in central and western China.中国已采用远程教学方法，像电视机，并且在，教育部采用计算机处理中部和西部的中国教育网络。
In today’s world of computerized working and developing technology, continued education is often essential for people to meet the changing requirements of their profession. 在工作电脑化和科技不断发展的今天，为了满足人们职业的不断变化的需求，继续教育是非常必要的。(p.105)
(1) 此句中应注意几个非谓语动词computerized, continued , developing和changing，在句中作定语, 分别限定其后面的名词。过去分词表被动，现在分词表示正在进行。
(2) computerize “用计算机做某事，使计算机化”。
The accounts section has been completely computerized.会计科已完全计算机化了。
computerize 的后缀- ize或 –ise表示“使…,…化”。
类似结构的词有modernize(现代化), realize(意识到)，apologize(道歉)，popularize(使…受欢迎)等。
(3) 此句中continued为形容词，作定语。 意为：“继续不停的(going without stopping)”。
We have accumulated rich experience for the continued education of government employees and
professionals.我们在组织和实施公务员和专业技术人员继续教育方面积累了相当丰富的经验。
(4) meet/satisfy/ fulfill the requirements “满足…的需求”。
Our latest model should meet your requirements exactly.我们的最新型号包你满意。
In applying for the position of sales manager I offer my qualifications, which believe will meet your
exacting requirements.
为了申请销售经理的职位，附上我的合格证书，我认为会符合你们严格的要求的。
Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:
你的文章应该包含提供的所有信息，并满足以下要求。
(5) profession n.职业，工作（多指具有某种专业知识的工作）
I think Jack should take up some other profession.我认为杰克应该从事其他什么职业。
She intends to make teaching her profession.她打算从事教学这一职业。
by profession 以…为职业，做…工作
I’m a carpenter by profession.我的职业是木匠。
professional adj.职业(性)的, 业务的,从事于专门职业的,以(运动等)为专业的
professional knowledge专业知识
professional men专家(尤指医生、律师等)
19.In these countries, where some people do not even have fresh water or basic health care, reaching the target of “Education for All” will be a huge task, despite help from the international community. 在这些国家里，有些人甚至不能喝到新鲜的水，得到基本的健康护理，要达到普及教育的目标将是一个艰巨的任务，尽管能得到国际社会的支持。
此句中where引导的定语从句限定前面的countries. 本文中出现了较多的where 引导的定语从句。应注意前面的先行词。
① In the Turks and Caicos Islands, where there are less than 20,000 people, the number of students in some
schools is so low that students of several different grades are taught in the same class.
在特克司和凯科斯群岛，人口不足两万，有些学校学生数量很少，以至于几个不同年级的学生在同一
间教室里上课。
② To solve this, Australia uses “distance learning” method, where the students have lessons by two-way radio
and mail.为了解决这个问题，澳大利亚采用了远程教学的方法，学生们可以通过双向广播和邮件传递
来学习。
20. However,balancing the workload of a demanding job alongside a course of study can be difficult…(p.105)
然而想要平衡费心费力的工作负担和课程学习的负担是很难的。
alongside prep.在…旁边，与…一起
The dog ran alongside me all the way.那狗一路上跟在我旁边跑。
We brought our boat alongside their boat.
我们把船靠到他们的船旁边。
除……之外
We have videos,recordings and other learning aids alongside（besides）the books.
除了课本之外，我们还有电视、录音和其他辅助教学设施。
alongside of沿着，并排，一起
The cars were parked alongside of each other.那些车并排停放。
21.Parents are not prepared to send girls to school because they do not believe it will be
of any benefit. 父母亲不愿意把女儿送去上学，因为他们认为这不会带来任何好处。(p.106)
(1) 此句中be prepared to 意为“能够并愿意做某事（be able and willing to do sth）”。
I am prepared to lend you the money if you promise to pay it back.我愿意把钱借给你，你得答应还给我。
I ’m not prepared to stay and listen to these outrageous insults.我可不愿意在这儿受这种奇耻大辱。
（2）be of benefit to
① be of benefit to “对…有好处”。benefit前可用“real, great, much, immense”等形容词修饰。
Doing morning exercises will be of benefit to your health. 做早操对你的健康有利。
② “(be)+of+名词”结构中的名词是抽象名词时,相当于其中名词所对应的形容词的意思,说明被修饰
词具有某种特征或属性。
常用的名词有:use/importance/help/value/interest/quality/service/benefit/necessity等。
I don't want to hear what you are saying. It is of no interest to me. (of no interest=not interesting)
我不想听你说,我对此不感兴趣。
Coal is of great importance to the development of industry. (of great importance=very important)
煤对工业发展是相当重要的。
New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.
新西兰的酒质量很好，并且被销往世界各地。
You'll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
22. However, when the facts are examined, it is clear that educating girls leads to
improved health and levels of income. 然而，仔细观察事实可以发现，显然让女孩接受教育，最终可以改善健康状况和提高收入水平。P.106
复习
(1)此句中应注意句型It is clear that …,it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。从句的主语是动名词短语educating girls, improved health and levels of income作lead to 的宾语。
类似的句型有：
It is clear ( obvious, evident, true, possible, certain...) that .....
常译为“清楚（显然，明显，真的，可能，肯定．．．）”，是主语从句最常见的一种结构。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.大家都清楚那个孩子受过虐待。
(2)lead to sth “导致某种结果( have sth as its results)”。 lead to中的to为介词。
后跟名词或动名词, 上海高考题中，thief与catch 之间是被动关系, 故用了动名词的复合结构的被动形式。
The discovery of new evidence led to _______ .
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards。
婴儿学会做事情，因为它的某些行为能有所回报，这个观念为人们所普遍接受。
(3)improved health 其中的“improved” 是过去分词作定语，限定health。
School health programs lead to increased student wellness and improved ability to learn.
学校的健康活动改善了学生的身体状况，并且也提高了学生的学习能力。
He believes that only hard work and perseverance can improve himself in oral English/improve his oral
English.
他相信只有努力和毅力才能提高他的英语口语水平。
Integrating skills，
23. In other aspects you have a lot in common.而在别的方面。你们却有许多相同的地方。
aspect n.样子, 外表, ; 神态; 方面; 情况, 状况; 方位, 方向, 观点
the aspect of the whole area全地区的面貌
consider other aspects of the matter考虑事情的其它方面
from legal aspect从法律的观点
discuss a subject in all aspects
24.Learning style theory suggests that different people have different ways of obtaining information and use various methods to demonstrate their intelligence and ability.
学习风格理论表明不同的人有不同的获得信息的方式，并且用不同的方法表现出他们的智力和能力。
(1) suggest
①本句中suggest表示“暗示、表明”时，后接名词或that从句（从句谓语用陈述语气）。
Are you suggesting that I’m too old for the job?你的意思是说我太老而不能胜任这个工作了？
His failure in the exam suggested that he had not worked hard enough．
他考试没及格表明他学习还不够努力。
②suggest表示“建议、提议”时，后接名词、代词、-ing形式或that从句（从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略）。
I suggest we go shopping together and look for a nice tank．
我建议我们一起去商店买一个精致的鱼缸。
I suggested that you（should）leave early．/I suggested your/you leaving early.我建议你早点动身。
(2) obtain 取得某物，经（买、借、拿等）获得
There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money.Those people try to get money by dishonest means.
有一些通过欺骗和赌博获得钱的人，他们总想通过不诚实的手段来得到钱。
I obtained this record for you with difficulty.我好不容易为你弄到了这张唱片。
辨析：get, obtain, acquire, gain, win, earn这组动词的一般含义是“得到”。
obtain较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts.
那位新闻记者立即着手获取这些重要的资料。
Ordinary people would then be able to use them to obtain valuable information.
那时平常的人便能运用它们去获取宝贵的信息。
get普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside.
我坐在公共汽车的前部，以得到有利于观赏农村风光的机会。
acquire强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence.
接到把车开出城的指令后，我的信心增长了。
gain侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
During that time, she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff.
在这期间，她得到了我姑姑如此的信任，结果被委任为家仆的负责人。
A penny saved is a penny gained.省一文是一文。(谚语)
win主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
It seemed certain that this would win the prize.这一块会得奖，这似乎是肯定的了。
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others.
这种行为常常为他们赢得别人的爱戴和尊敬。
earn侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
His achievements earned him respect and admiration.他的成就为他赢得别人的尊敬和赞美。
Some of them have come home for a few days' hard-earned leave.
他们中的有些人已经回国，度过那得之不易的几天假日。
(3)demonstrate
① demonstrate在本句中指“表明，表示（show）”.
His sudden departure demonstrates that he is unreliable.他的突然离去表明他的不可靠。
② demonstrate 在高二教材中出现时，表示“示威集会或游行 ”。
可构成词组，demonstrate (against/in favor of sb /sth) 示威游行反对或赞成某人或某事。它的名词形
式有demonstrator游行者,示威者，demonstration 示威或游行。
Thousands demonstrated against the price increases.数以千计的人举行示威，抗议物价上涨。
The police arrested more than 100 demonstrators.警察逮捕了100多名示威游行者。
25.Although experts have many ideas and categories of learning, it is evident that people learn in three basic styles: learning through seeing, learning through listening and learning through doing. 尽管专家对学习有很多的想法和分类，但显然，人们通过三种基本的方式来学习：视觉型学习，听觉型学习和动觉型学习。
(1) It is evident that …主语从句。相当于 “It is clear/obvious that …”.
(2) evident 形容词，表示“明显的，清楚的（obvious, clear）”。
He looked at his children with evident pride.他以明显的得意态度望着他的孩子。
The applause made it evident the play was a hit.掌声表明这个戏剧很成功。
evidence n.明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物
There is no evidence that he is quilty.没有证据证明他有罪。
for lack of evidence因为缺少证据
on evidence依据证据
evident obvious apparent 意思都含“明显的”。
evident多用于推理及抽象的事, 指“明显的”
obvious 指“容易知道或发现, 无须解释或证明的”,
apparent 含“一目了然的”的意思, 还可指“思想上容易理解的”
It's evident that the plan is impracticable.很明显这计划是不能实现的。
It's obvious that a man isn't strong enough to lift an elephant.很明显, 一个人是不能举起大象的。
It's apparent that you can't be trusted.很显然,你是不可信赖的。
The rope had been cut, so it was evident/obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
绳子是被割断的，因此这只羊羔显然是被偷去的。
注：此句中的obvious 换用evident则更确切。
clear(以及常见的plain)是口语中常用词，其含义为“清楚易懂”。clear 除了“清楚的”，“清晰的”之外，还有许多其他含义。如“流畅的”，“无障碍的”等。
The water of the lake is as clear as glass.湖水清彻如同明镜。
He gave a clear answer to the direct question.他对那个直截了当的问题作了清晰的答复。
plain除了“清楚的”、“浅显的”之外，也有些别的含义。
a plain face一个普通的或不漂亮的面孔
The letter was written in plain English.那封信是用浅显的英语写的。
26.They select a variety of activities to suit their students’ different learning styles.
他们挑选各种各样的活动，以适合学生不同的学习风格。
▲select
She selected a diamond from the collection.她从收藏品中挑选了一颗钻石。
These oranges have been carefully selected.这些橙子是精选的。
He was selected to play for England.他被选中代表英格兰去参赛。
比较：select和choose
choose用途最广，指一般的“选择”，有时特指“抉择”，侧重意志或判断。
I leave it to you to choose between the two methods.
我任你在这两种方法中间作出抉择。
choose和select 有时可以通用，主要不同在于：
①choose 往往是以个人的好恶或对个人是否合适为标准；select 则更强调客观优劣，或为了达到
某一目的的条件上的优劣。
②choose有选定后就要“坚守”或“从事”的含义；select则没有。因此，“选择一生事业/爱人”
等应译作：to choose a career/a husband,etc.
③choose可接不定式表“宁愿；决定”，select不能。
表示选择的其他动词elect, pick, prefer, opt
elect指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
pick口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
表示选择的名词choice, alternative, preference, option, selection, election
choice侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
preference侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
option着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
selection指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
election强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
▲suit
① n.一套衣服（通常包括用相同衣料做的短上衣、裤子和裙子）；（用于某活动的）套装
a dark suit 一套深色衣服 a business suit 一套西装
a three-piece suit 一套三件式套装 a spacesuit 宇航服
a diving suit 潜水服 a swimsuit 游泳衣
②2suit vt.
fit 指衣服的大小，尺寸的合身，吻合，协调
suit 指衣服的样色，颜色，款色的合身，或时间，天气，口味，价格，环境，交通，性格，地位
的适宜，适合。
match和…相配/相称，比得上
The climate doesn’t suit me.
No one matches him in singing.
Will it suit you if I come around at three?
The gold chain matched his watch.
The shirt of yours fits you very well
It doesn’t suit you to have your hair cut short.
The picture matches the story.
suit在课文句中表示“适合，适应（satisfy, meet the needs of, be convenient）”。
He said he knew of a hotel that might suit them.他说他知道一个可能适合他们的旅馆。
Let’s fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you?我们定个日子吧，周六晚方便吗？
suitable:be suitable for/to “适合,合适”。在后面的writing中有一个句子。
What aspects of your study habits are not suitable to your learning style and why.
你的学习习惯的哪些方面是不适合你的学习风格的，为什么。
When we design buildings, we should keep in mind that there should be apartments that are suitable for
disabled persons.当我们设计大楼的时候，我们要记住：应该设计一些适合残疾人居住的公寓。
27.Students who have this learning style take a hands-on approach to education and enjoy doing experiments or surveys.具有这种学习方式的学生通过动手实践的方式来接受教育，他们喜欢做实验，作调查
approach vt./n. 接近，靠近，建议，要求，（待人接物或思考问题的）方法，方式，态度
We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching。我们听见一辆车驶近的声音。
She approached the bank for a loan.她向银行要求贷款。
The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.
学校决定采用另一种方式解决纪律问题。
28.However,restrictions of time,space and resources often make it impossible to provide the best exercise for all learners.然而由于时间、空间和资源上的限制常常使教师无法给所有的学生提供最好的训练。
restriction n.限制，约束
The park is open to the public without restriction.该公园无任何限制对公众开放。
He dislikes their restriction of his freedom of choice. 他讨厌他们对他的自由选择进行限制。
The government placed restrictions on the number of foreign cars that could be imported.
政府限制进口外国轿车。
restrict vt.限制，限定
The sale of alcohol is restricted in Britain.在英国，酒的销量是受限制的。
restrict…to…把…限制在…内
We restrict membership of the club to schoolboys.我们俱乐部的会员仅限于中学生。
He was restricted to (smoking) three cigarettes a day.他受到限制，每天只能抽三根烟。
29.advocate vt.拥护, 支持; 提倡; 主张; 建议; 辩护
advocate+n./doing
I advocate a policy of gradual reform.我拥护逐步改革的政策。
Do you advocate banning cars in the city center?你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗？
n.辩护者; 律师; 拥护者; 倡导者; 鼓吹者; 替人说情者
the Judge A-军法会议的理事(官) an advocate of peace拥护或提倡和平的人
30.Organise a study schedule to include frequent breaks.
schedule n. 计划表，日程安排表
a schedule of postal charges邮资一览表 a sailing schedule航运时刻表
a train schedule火车行车时刻表 a production schedule生产进度[计划]表
What's your schedule for tomorrow ?你明天的日程安排如何?
according to schedule按时间表; 按照原定进度 on schedule按时间表, 准时
ahead of schedule提前
The task will be finished ahead of schedule if nothing prevents.如果没有阻力的话，这个任务就会提前完成。
behind schedule落后于计划或进度; 迟于预定时间
make a study schedule/plan 制定学习计划
Language points
第一部分（课文Making the Team Work前面出现的）
1.criterion 复数criteria :标准：一种借以作出判断或决定的标准、准则或测试.
What criteria do you use to judge a good wine?你用什么标准判断酒的好坏？
Our proposal failed to meet the criteria established by the government so they gave us no money.
我们的建议不符合政府确定的标准，因此他们不给我们钱。
In order to apply for this position, applicants MUST meet the following criteria.
要想申请这个职位，申请者必须符合下列标准。
criteria指用于检测、评判质量的标准,不管是否成文 standard表示法定的,权威的度量货质量标准2. Do you stick with your friends through thick and thin? What is the moment for you to pull out of a friendship?
▲stick with和某人在一起，支持某人，和某人保持联系或继续做某事
Stick with me and you’ll be all right.有事来找我，你就没有问题了。
I’ll stick with your decision on this issue . 我支持你在这个问题上的决定。
I hope you’ll stick with this job until next year .我希望你做这项工作做到明年。
If you stick with it, your performance will gradually get better.
如果你坚持不懈的话，你的能力就会渐渐增强的。
be stuck with [俚]被...缠住无法摆脱, 遇到困难无法进行下去
We were stuck with relatives who came to stay unexpectedly. 我们不得不接待不期而至的亲戚们. Will you help me with this mathematical problem I'm stuck with it.
这道数学题你能帮我一下吗? 我怎么也解不出来。 复习：be in/out of contact with，keep track of/lose track of与……保持联系/失去联系
get in touch with/keep in touch with，stay in touch with和……保持联系
contact sb和……联系
make contact with the ship by radio用无线电与船联系
▲through thick and thin 同甘共苦，共同分担艰难困苦 She feels like a fool for sticking with her husband through thick and thin.
她觉得和丈夫一起吃苦受罪太傻了
The couple have gone through thick and thin for many years.这对夫妇同甘共苦了好多年。They stuck together through thick and thin.不管有什么艰难险阻。他们都紧密团结在一起。
▲pull out
（指车辆、船只等）驶出，（火车）驶离车站（反义词组pull in）
The ship pulled out into the middle of the river.那只船划到了河中央。
拉掉，拔掉，使分离
He pulled out a gun.他掏出一枝枪。
使……从……中退出（of）
The project became so expensive that we had to pull out.这个计划耗资太大，我们只好退出。
The general pulled his troops out of the area.将军把他的部队从那个地区撤了出来。
He threatened to pull out of the common market.他威胁要退出共同市场。
out of丧失, 放弃
His family are living a poor life for his father has been out of work for months.
超出…之外 My watch is out of order.
3.Do you prefer doing things on your own or in group?
on one’s own=all on one’s own=alone
She lives on her own.她独自过日子。
He can be left to work on his own.工作可交给他一人做。
Although her father is in the firm she got the job on her own.
尽管他父亲在公司里，但他那份工作却是靠自己得到的。
4. The listening is a summary of research into the ways Chinese students in Auckland spend their leisure time.
Summary:概括的,扼要的
He gave a summary report of the day's events.他对一天的事件作了扼要的报告。
总结,摘要,一览[C] [(+of)]
He made a summary of the case.他为这个案件做了一个摘要。
leisure time(time free from work or other duties)=spare time
They’re seldom at leisure.他们难得清闲。
5. Percentage A small percentage of the workers are unskilled. 少数工人是非熟练工。Beijing's housing price growth was 0.7 percentage points lower than the national average in October.
……低了0.7个百分点。
6.Having the reputation of being honest,responsible and reliable will make otherpeople trust you?
reputationThe products of Hongye Brand have been exported to many countries and areas for several years and have won a good reputation both at home and abroad.
红叶牌产品已经出口到好多国家和地区，在国内外赢得了很好的声誉。Shizhuang Middle School is a one with an excellent reputation.石庄中学是一所享有盛誉的学校。
a good/bad reputation as a doctor医疗信誉好/坏
have a reputation for laziness/for being lazy以懒惰而出名
she had a reputation for generosity 她以慷慨大方博得好评
ruin one’s reputation 毁了声誉win a reputation获得名声
live up to one’s reputation不负盛名
7.Not only will these qualities make you rise in the eyes of others,you will also feel better about yourself.
in the eyes of sb：在某人的心目中，在某人看来
In your father’s eyes you’re still a child.在父亲的眼里你仍是个孩子。
In the eyes of the law,she is guilty.从法律上说，她有罪。
复习：
Keep an eye on the baby.照看一下这个婴儿。
I’ve lost my ring-Could you keep an eye out/keep an eye openfor it when you clean the room?
我的戒子不见了，你打扫房间时留点儿意好吗？
catch sb.'s eye引起(某人)注目 clap eyes on看见；注视 run one's eyes over扫视，浏览 see eye to eye看法完全一致
fix one’s eyes on 盯住
People full of action and ideas are often the ones to bring new energy to the group,while people who are mainly listening and commenting are often the ones to keep an eye on procedures that must be followed.
那些富于实干和思路开阔的人常常是给小组带来新的活力的人，而那些主要是倾听和评论的人则常常是监管工作流程的人。
8.suspect(P.93)
疑有,察觉
The tiger suspected danger and ran away.老虎意识到危险便逃跑了。
怀疑,不信任
We suspected their honesty. 我们不相信他们是诚实的。
怀疑(某人犯有过错)[+of] [+(that)]
The police suspected Bill of having done it. = The police suspected that Bill did it.
警察怀疑那件事是比尔干的。
复习对比：
The police accused him of murder.= The police charged him with murder.警方指控他谋杀。
The police accused him of stealing. 警方控告他犯有盗窃罪。
猜想;料想 [+(that)]
I suspect they'll come.我想他们会来的。
n.嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
9.requirement(P.93) 要求，需要
If you have any requirements, ask me.如果你有什么要求，就向我提出来。
But a project team requires very different roles from those of a rugby team.(P.94.)
但是一个项目小组所要求的角色却同橄榄球的角色大不相同。第二部分（课文Making the Team Work中出现的）
10.What if you feel comfortable doing a task by yourself?
假如你觉得一个人干工作还舒服些，那有怎么办呢？
what if常用来引导问句, 表示 “倘若…将怎么样? 即使…又有什么要紧?
What if he doesn’t come?如果他不来，将怎么样呢？
What if they don’t agree with us? 如果他不同意我们的意见，那又怎么样？
11.Especially at school,it sometimes feels as if we are being asked to work in teams for the sake of just that.
特别是在学校，有时我们感觉似乎是为了团队活动而搞团体活动。
for the sake of 由于; 为了…的利益; 看在某人的份上
for one’s/sth’s sake 为了…, 看在…的份上
He bought a house in the country for the sake of his wife’s health.
为了妻子的身体他在乡下买了一栋房子。
For goodness’ sake, will you stop that noise?看在上帝的份上，请你不要吵闹了好吗？
It is entirely for your own sake that I am speaking.完全是为了你我才这样说的。
12.A team is group of individual people brought together in order to accomplish a task that cannot be efficiently or effectively completed by an member of the group alone.团队就是许多人组合起来完成一项组内任何个人都不能高效或有效地完成的工作。
individual
Each individual boy in the class has his own personalities. 这个班上的每一个男孩都有自己的个性。
an individual style of speaking 独特的谈话风格
She wears very individual dresses. 她的衣着非常独特。
accomplish/complete/finish的区别
accomplish后面最常用的名词是task（任务），aim（目的），jounery（旅程），voyage（海程）
The explorers accomplished the voyage in three weeks.探险队在三星期里完成了海程。（到达目的地）
complete比accomplish更具体。后面最常用建筑、工程、书籍等名词作宾语（这些都不能用accomplish）
The building will be completed by the end of this month.这座楼将与月底结束。
finish和complete在许多情况可以通用，但是以下三点要注意：
①finish后面可接动名词族宾语，而complete则不能
He has finished speaking.他的话说完了。
②finish指消极的“完成”，如用完，吃完等；complete则指积极性的完成。因此“吃完饭”只能翻译成：finish a meal。这个区别在下面的句子中非常明显：
I have finished the book我已经读完这本书了。
I have completed the book我已经写完这本书了。
③finish在被动语态中可以有“全完了”，而complete则没有此意义
Now that people are no longer superstitious,fortune-telling as a profession is finished.
现在的人都不迷信了，因此算命这一行就算完了。
13.The group may be temporary or stay together for a long period of time.
这个组合可能是临时的，也可能是长期的。
temporary: not permanent
After over 24 hours of traveling, Team USA has settled into their temporary home in Mianyang City, China. 经过24小时的旅途，美国队在中国绵阳市的临时居所住了下来。
14.In a sports team each player has a clear role,and there are few occasions when members are confused or uncertain of their roles.在运动队里，每一个队员都有一个明确的任务，队员们对自己的任务搞混了或不明确的情况很少。
uncertain 不确定的，不可预测的
It is uncertain that there's a cure for this illness at present. 现在这种病尚无确实可靠的疗法。
复习sure和certain的联系和区别：（供学生阅读消化）英语中的sure和certain是近义形容词，均有“肯定的；确信的；有把握的”的意思，它们的用法也大体相似，许多情况下可以通用，但它们之间也有一些差别。 相同点两者都能用于“be sure/certain + about /of短语”句型中，表示“对（某事）有把握”。主语必须是人，about/of之后多跟名词、代词。 I am sure/certain of his returning. 我确信他会回来。
He is quite sure/certain of /about it. 他对这事很有把握。 两者都能用于be sure/certain to do sth句型中，表示“一定会做某事”，主语可以是人，也可以是物。 Spring is sure/certain to follow winter. 冬天过后一定是春天。
They are sure/certain to come. 他们一定会来的。
两者都能用于“be sure/certain +从句”句型中，表示“确信……”，主语只能是人，而不能是物。 Tom is sure/certain that I put the key on the table. 汤姆确信我把钥匙放在桌子上了。
We are sure/certain that the book will be of great help to us.我们相信这本书对我们会有很大帮助。 两者都能用于“make sure/certain +从句”结构中，表示“确定；弄清楚”，主语只能是人。 You must make sure/certain when the bus will leave. 你必须弄清汽车何时出发。 He made sure/certain that he had turned off the gas. 他确信他关掉了煤气。不同点
“I ' m sure…”与“I ' m certain…”均可译为“我深信（确）信……”，但两者的含义却不同。前者表示一种主观上的判断或感觉，事实并不一定如此。后者强调的则是客观事实，意为主语已经知道后面的内容是既定的事实。试比较下面一组句子：I'm sure he didn't steal it. He isn’t that kind of person. 我确信他没偷，他不是那种人。
I'm certain he didn't break the cup.I broke it myself.
我敢肯定他没有打碎那个茶杯，（因为）那个茶杯是我打碎的。 如果it作为形式主语代替从句时，则其后的表语用certain，而不能用sure。 It isn ' t certain whether he will give us a report next Monday.
下星期一他是否来为我们作报告还不能确定。 两者在作定语时含义不同：sure意为“可靠的；无误的”；而certain若修饰可数名词，意为“某一；某些；某种；一些”，若修饰抽象名词，表示程度，意为“有点；有些”。 The letter was sent by a sure hand. 信已由一位可靠的人寄出了。
He made a sure answer. 他回答得准确无误。
A certain person called on me yesterday. 昨天有个人来找过我。 在祈使句中常用sure，不宜用certain。
Be sure and remember what I told you. 千万要记住我对你讲的话。
Be sure to write and tell me all the good news. 务必写信告诉我所有的好消息。 口语中，sure常作副词，用在肯定答语中替代surely，这时与of course，certainly意思相当，而certain不可作副词用。
-Would you please turn down the radio a little bit? 请你把收音机音量拧小点，好吗？
-Sure. 当然可以。-Do you still remember our first fishing trip?
-I sure do. 你还记得我们第一次去钓鱼吗？当然记得了。
小结不同点
sure certain
表示判断 主观上的 客观上的
It作形式主语 不可用 可用
作定语的意义 可靠的；无误的 某一；某些；某种；一些
在祈使句中 常用sure 不宜用certain
作副词用 可以 不可
15.Roles of team members are accepted and there are no conflicts expectation and responsibilities attached to each role.他们的职责是经过大家认可的。对每个职责的期望值和责任新大家没有异议。
复习：attach to
attach label to parcel 给包裹贴标签(Unit 5)
attachment附件
① 加入，参加
Pro. Smith was attached to the medical college as a guest professor for two years.
史密斯教授在医学院当了两年的客座教授。
② 加于…之上
No blame attaches to him for the accident. 这个事故他没有受到责备。
We should attach primary importance to the development of economy.
我们要把发展经济的工作放在第一位。
be attached to
认为重要；特别喜爱
Do you attach any importance to what he said?你认为他说的话重要吗？
Mary was attached to her brother. 玛丽很喜爱她的弟弟。
I am very attached to that old picture. 我很喜欢那幅旧画。
③be attached to连在...上；附属于
The hospital is attached to that university.这医院附属于那所大学
16.However,when forming teams to complete tasks at school,we are often hardly aware of this.
然而当要组成团队来完成学校的任务时，我们常常意识不到这一点。
Many governments used ad campaigns to make people aware of social problems and government policies.
许多政府部门也采用广告作宣传，以使人民了解社会问题和政府的政策。（Unit 5 Getting the message）
17.Group work shows us how other people’s roles fit the purpose of the group and it teaches us to be patient and how to respond to different personalities.团队活动向我们表明别人的角色是怎样适应小组目的的，同时还告诉我们要有耐心，并教给我们如何应对不同个性的人。
respond to响应, 作出反应
They eagerly responded to the Party’s call and went to work in the border regions.
他们热情响应党的号召，到边疆工作去了。
They responded at once to the strike.他们对这次罢工立即作出了反应。
复习下列词组：
add up to 合计达
adapt to适应
apply to对……适用
attend to照看，照料
belong to属于
be suited to / for…适合于
cater to 投合，迎合（尤指不良的愿望、需要等）
compare …to…把..比作，把…与…相比
be devoted to 贡献给，致力于
come to 苏醒,复原,共计,达到,归结于,渐渐
contribute to贡献给……，献给……
devote one’s attention to 专心于
devote oneself/one’s life to 献身于，致力于
do /cause damage to 损害
do good to (=do sb. good) 有益于
do harm to (=do sb. harm) 有害于
do wrong to (=do sb. wrong) 冤枉某人
get close to 接近，靠近
get down to 认真对待，静下心来
go back to 追溯至
devote to献身于，专心于
get used to/get accustomed to习惯于
look forward to 盼望，期待
refer to 指，提及，参考，查阅
owe … to…把…归功于，把…归因于
put an end to 结束，终止，废除
stick to 坚持，忠于，粘到…上
see to 照顾，处理，注意
set fire to (= set…on fire) 放火烧毁
turn to 求助于, 变成；着手于
familiar to sb为…所熟悉(familiar with sth.对…熟悉)
come to an agreement 达成协议
come to a conclusion 得出结论
come to a decision 作出决定
come to an end 终止，结束
see to it that…照料，努力使，注意把
come to a stop 结束，停止，停顿，
come to an understanding 取得谅解
18.As with sports teams,group wok can only be successful when group members respect, help and support each other,while the work division is clear and each member performs at the right level in the role that is most suitable to him or her.正如运动队一样，小组活动只有在组员们相互尊重、相互帮助和相互支持的情况下才能取得成功。与此同时，分工明确，而且每个成员都要能在他们最合适的角色上发挥出正常的水平。
division n.分开,分割[U][(+into)]
The compilers agreed upon a division of the textbook into twelve units.
编写者都同意把教科书分成十二个单元。
分配,分派[U] [(+between/among)]
The thieves quarreled about the division of their stolen goods. 这些贼为分偷来的物品而争吵。
除(法)[U]
The boy has learnt to do division.这个小男孩已学会做除法。
Thirty divided by three is a simple division.30除以3是一个非常简单的除法。
as with 就…而言
As with the experienced participants, you will want to use test tasks that are as natural as possible 对于那些有经验的参与者来讲，你希望尽量采用比较自然的测试任务
表至于还可用：
as for
I enjoy going to the movie . but as for the theater, I prefer staying at home.我喜欢看电影，至于看戏，我宁愿呆在家里
as to
As to money , he is different 关于钱，他漠不关心
She was at a loss ( as to) how to explain it 她全然不知该如何说明这件事
19.Teams also need people to identify problems and others to suggest solutions.团队需要有人来判断问题，还需要另外的人来提出解决问题的办法。
20.In small teams,members may combine roles according to their personalities.在小型团队里，有的队员根据其个人品质可能身兼数职。
combine sth(with sth)
combine the work with pleasure将娱乐和工作结合起来
combine business with pleasure寓娱乐与工作之中
They combined their efforts to finish the work.他们结合彼此的力量来完成工作。
combine(against sth.)
The two parties combined against the government.两党联合起来对抗政府。
Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
combination
The United States is a combination of 50 states.
She has/owns the right combination of beauty and talent to become a star.
她拥有成为明星兼备的美貌和才华
21.Some are good at evaluating,while others are good at compromising in conflicts,and keeping peace and harmony in excited discussions.有的人善于评估，而另外一些人则善于在矛盾中作协调工作，在激烈的讨论中保持平静、和谐。
compromise妥协,和解[C] [U] [(+between)]
I hope we shall come to a compromise.我希望我们能达成妥协。
妥协方案,折衷办法;折衷物[C]
The interior decoration of the house is a compromise between Chinese and foreign styles.
这所房子的内部装饰是中西两式的折衷物。22.Rules and regulations help teams function well,but we should always guard against making teams too bureaucratic.规章制度有利于团队功能的发挥，但是我们经常应该防止使团队过于官僚制度化。
guard against 对…提防
A helmet guards your head against/from injuries 头盔可以保护你的头免于受伤害
keep guard 守望，警戒 off one’s guard 不提防的，疏忽的
on one’s guard 看守的，警戒的 stand guard 站岗，放哨
23.Working in a team ,we have to take into account how each individual member works best.
take into account= take account of=take into consideration
复习（Unit 1）I bought the bike on account.我赊账买了这辆自行车。
We could not go on account of the rain.因为下雨我们不能去。
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
不论什么原因游客都不允许用东西喂动物。
It is a matter of great account.这是一件重要的事情。
We must take local conditions into account.我们必须把当地的条件考虑进去。
We must take account of the interests of the State.我们必须考虑到国家的利益。
No one could account for the disappearance of the money.
谁也说不清楚这些钱丢失的原因。
Smokers account for 20 percent of the whole population in the world.
烟民占世界总人口的20%。
She gave an account of what he saw in China. 他描述了他在中国看到的事情。The suspect couldn't account for his time that night. 嫌疑犯不能说明那天晚上他的时间安排
24.Some work best on tasks alone,while others work best in groups.有的人在单独工作时干得很好，而另外一些人则在群体中干得好。
25.Knowing other people’s shortcoming can help us avoid embarrassing them.
了解别人的短处可以帮助我们不致使别人感到为难。
embarrasse vt.（常用于被动语态）（尤指在交际场合）使窘迫，使尴尬,使不好意思,使局促不安 [(+with/by)]
Are you trying to embarrass me?你是想让我难堪吗？
She was embarrassed when they kept telling her how clever she was.
他们不停地说她聪明，令她感到不好意思。
Arthur seemed embarrassed by the question.亚瑟似乎被这个问题弄得有些窘迫。
使负债;使拮据
A large family embarrassed him.他子女多,这使他经济拮据。
妨碍,阻碍
Wearing the heavy coat embarrassed his movements.穿着厚大衣妨碍了他的行动。
embarrassing adj.令人困惑的，尴尬的
embarrassment n.［U］窘迫；［C］令人窘迫的人或事
He could not hide his embarrassment.他无法掩饰自己的窘迫。
That rude child is an embarrassment to her parents.那粗鲁的孩子让她父母难堪。
第三部分（课文Making the Team Work后出现的）
26.According to the author,some team members work best in tasks alone.Is this statement contradictory or not? (Post-reading)
contradictory adj 矛盾的，对立的
contradictory elements相互矛盾着的因素
contradiction ,n 矛盾
principal contradiction 主要矛盾
in contradiction with 与…矛盾，与…相抵触
His words are in contradiction with his action他的言行矛盾=His words don’t agree with his action.
27.many people believe that life in mordern society is becoming more dangerous,but as a matter of fact violent crimes do not occur as often as newspapers suggest.(language practice)
as a matter of fact=in reality=in fact=actually
violent adj 猛烈的，剧烈的，暴力的，感情，语言等激昂的，激烈的
a violent storm 狂风暴雨
a violent blow 猛烈一击
He gave the man a violent blow 他给予那个人以猛烈一击。
He was violent when he got drunk.他酒喝醉了就要使暴。
meet a violent death死于非命 in a violent temper大发脾气
adv violently n violence
28.As a result of certain news in the media,several senior officials lost face and were forced to resign.
resign(language practice)
放弃，辞去
resign one’s right放弃某人的权利
resign one’s position as a secretary辞去秘书的职务
把…交给Resign sth/sb to/into sth
I resign my son to your care我委托你照顾我儿子
I was resigned to my fate我听天由命
听从，服从Resign oneself to
I resign myself to your guidance我听从你的指导
使听从,使顺从 [(+to)]
He is resigned to his fate. 或 He resigned himself to his fate. 他听天由命
29.Good teams require coach and ambitious people whose goal is to succeed. (language practice)
ambitious adj.有雄心的；雄心勃勃的；渴望
They are ambitious although they are poor.他们虽穷却很有志气。
Everyone is ambitious of success in life. 每个人都渴望在人生中能飞黄腾达。Paul is ambitious to get the position. 保罗渴望能得到这个职务。
30. While pushing the team to greater achievements,the coach must keep an eye on the development of each individual team member as well as on that of the group as a whole. (language practice)
as a whole： all parts or aspects considered; altogether:
on the whole 总的看来：
On the whole, they are a happy marriage. 总的看来，他们是个幸福的结合
31.Everybody will remember how excited the public was when the Chinese national soccer team made it into the 2002 World Cup. (language practice)
rugby 英式橄榄球 football 美式橄榄球 soccer 足球Rugby football虽然被翻译成橄榄球，但它的起源却与橄榄Olive一点关系也没有。Rugby 其实是一个英格兰小镇的名字，小镇上有一间叫Rugby School的公学。 据说，在1823年的时候，该学校举行了一次足球比赛，当时比赛十分的激烈，其中有一个名叫William Webb Ellis的16岁小男孩，因为比分落后，情急之下，他竟然抱起地上的球就向对方的球门跑去，he took the ball in his arms and ran with it. 虽然在当时这个举动disregard the rules of football，违反了足球的规定，但却引起在场观战的观众的强烈兴趣：如果足球赛也可以用手比赛，那么一定会变成一项更好玩的足球运动。就这样在英格兰诞生了橄榄球运动Rugby Football，在英国及英联邦地区，渐渐推广，吸引了全世界各地方爱好运动人口的兴趣，而发展开来。excite
vt.使兴奋，使激动（常用于被动）
The news of her arrival excited the crowd.她到达的消息使人群激动起来。
The children were very excited by the program.孩子们看了节目非常兴奋。
vt.激发某人的情感
The recent discoveries have excited great interest among doctors.
最近的多项发现引起医生们的极大兴趣。
His great success excited his friends’ envy.他的巨大成就引起了他的朋友的羡慕。
exciting adj.（事物）令人兴奋的 比较：excited（人）感到兴奋的
At the news,He was too excited to say a word.听到这个令人兴奋的消息，他激动得说不出话来。
有许多其他词也与excite类似，有两种形容词形式。v.-ing形式的词表示“（事物等）令人……的”，而v.-ed形式的词则表示“（人）感到……的”。列举如下：
interesting（令人感到有趣的）-interested（感到有趣的）
surprising（令人惊奇的）-surprised（感到惊奇的）
boring（令人觉得枯燥的）-bored（感到枯燥的）
puzzling（令人困惑不解的）-puzzled（感到困惑的）
encouraging（令人鼓舞的）-encouraged（感到鼓舞的）
discouraging（令人泄气的）-discouraged（感到泄气的）
inspiring（令人鼓舞的）-inspired（感到激励的）
pleasing（令人高兴的）-pleased（感到高兴的）
worrying（令人焦虑的）-worried（感到焦虑的）
tiring（令人疲惫的）-tired（感到疲惫的）
disappointing（令人失望的）-disappointed（感到失望的）
moving（令人感动的）-moved（受到感动的）
frightening（令人害怕的）-frightened（感到害怕的）
embarrassing（令人难堪的）-embarrassed（感到难堪的）
对比：
The puzzled look on his face suggested that he didn’t know how to deal with the puzzling situation.
他脸上（感到）困惑的表情说明他不知道如何对付这一令人困惑的处境。
32.There are some sections in the newspapers catering to people’s love of sports.（教师教学用书.P.239） cater提供饮食及服务
They’re catering for a party.他们正在为聚会承办食物。
cater for（英）为……提供服务；迎合（满足）……的要求
TV must cater for many different tastes.电视节目必须迎合各种人的口味。
cater to 投合，迎合（尤指不良的愿望、需要等）
She refused to cater to his ridiculous demands.她拒绝迎合他那些荒唐的要求。
第四部分（Integrating skills课文中出现的）
33.However,that was not what she had in mind. 然而，这不是她心里所想的。
mind n.心，精神
mind and body精神与肉体
A sound mind in a sound body健全的精神于健全的肉体
智力，头脑 （亦可 a mind ）
He has a very quick mind 他的头脑反映很快
理性
lose one’s mind 发疯 absence of mind 心不在焉
意见，想法
He always reads others mind 他总能看出别人的心思
So many men , so many minds 各人各想法/人各有志
记忆力，注意力
fix one’s mind on collecting data专注于收集资料
out of sight ,out of mind 眼不见，心不想
词组：
have…in mind在想…，在计划…
She told her boss what she had in mind她告诉她的老板她心中想的
bear/keep sth. in mind/bear /keep in mind that…/with sth. in mind记住
Bear in mind that the price does not include flights. 记住,这价格不包括机票在内.
Please bear these rules in mind 记住这些条文
bring/call…to mind 使想起……
What does the picture bring to your mind？这幅画使你想起什么
come to mind 浮现于心中, make up one’s mind to do/that 下定决心做
keep one’s mind on 一直专注于 have…on mind 把…挂在心上
v 注意，留心
mind sth/that/wh/adv
mind you arrive on time 请务必准时到达 mind what your say 你说话要小心
介意 mind doing sth
Do you mind my standing here 你介意我站在这儿吗
如果…你介意吗，可用以下句型
Do you mind if … Would you mind if
Would you mind my doing… Do/Would you mind doing…
回答可用No, not at all/ certainly not/of course not 或 Certainly/Of course/Sure/I’d prefer it if you didn’t 作答
34.Looking back,she congratulates herself on this decision.现在回顾起来，她庆幸自己做了那个决定。
congratulate vi.祝贺，向……道贺；庆幸，高兴
常用于句型 congratulate sb.／oneself on（doing）sth.中。
We congratulated her on the birth of her daughter.我们祝贺她生了个女儿。
She congratulated herself on having thought of such a good idea.
她为自己能想出这样的好主意而感到高兴。
congratulate的名词是congratulations,注意复数词尾后面的介词搭配仍是on。
Congratulations（to you）on winning the race!
He congratulated himself on having survived the air-crash.他庆幸自己在空难中幸免于死。35.Things went smoothly.一切都还顺利。
smooth
adj.顺利的；光滑的；平坦的
They made things very smooth for me.他们为我排除了困难。
smooth paper 光滑的纸 a smooth road平坦的路
in smooth water 在风平浪静的水面上
vi.使某物光滑、平坦、平静或顺利
smooth down one’s dress 拉平衣服 She smoothed out the table cloth.她把桌布弄平。
smooth away=to get rid of 消除，排除
We will smooth away any difficulties when we reach them.
我们碰到任何困难都能顺利克服。
Money helps to smooth away most problems.金钱有助于消除许多问题。
smooth over使（问题等）缓解
It will be difficult for you to smooth over your bad feelings after so many years.
经过这么多年，你想缓和你们之间的芥蒂是很困难的。
How to smooth away the language difficulties如何突破语言障碍
go的特殊用法
选择题：A：“_____ is your business going?” B：“It _____.”A. What; goes well B. How; goes good C. How; goes well D. What; goes good
36.She made herself independent, and was able to manage her finance.
她已经独立经营了，而且还能很好地管理财务
finance n. 财政;金融;财政学财源;资金;(国家的)财务情况
The country's finances have improved.这个国家财政状况改善了。
vt.供资金给;融资,为...筹措资金
Our project is rarely financed.我们的工程资金不足。
37.Many people tend to listen to their teachers and parents who often have expectations that are hard to live
up to.很多人倾向于听家长或教师的意见，但是他们所期望的往往是学生难以办到的
live up to one’s reputation不负盛名
The WTO can’t live up to its name if it doesn’t include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.
expectation期待，期望，预料
without much expectation of success 对成功不要抱太大的指望
our team has every expectation of winning我队胜券在握
对成功幸运的期待，指望
contrary to /against expectation(s) 出乎意料（副词）
beyond expectation(s) 出乎意料（副词，形容词）
come up to one’s expectation(s) 符合某人的期待
in expectation of 预计会有……
In expectation of a traffic jam,, I decided to walk 预计会交通堵塞，我决定步行
a young artist with great expectations 有远大前程的青年艺术家
38.Not going to university is not a shame.上不了大学并不是一件丑事。
shame羞耻，羞愧，惭愧
She was full of shame at her bad behavior and hung her head in shame.
她为自己的不良行为感到羞愧，惭愧地低下了头。
to one’s shame 令某人惭愧／羞愧的是……
耻辱，羞辱 （a shame 可耻之人或事 ）
bring shame on sb.／oneself 使某人自己丢脸
Your bad behavior brings shame on the whole school.你的行为使整个学校蒙受耻辱。
He was called a shame to their school 大家称他为学校之耻
遗憾的事，可惜
What a shame（that）it rained on the day of your garden party!多可惜啊，你开游园会那天下雨了！
39.It is not use for everybody to try to pursue the same career.每个人都去从事同一职业，这是毫无用处的。
pursue 追；追捕；追杀；追击
The police are pursuing an escaped prisoner. 警方正在追捕一个在逃的犯人。
追随；跟随； 注意; 缠；纠缠
Illness pursued him till his death, which made us all bitterly painful.
疾病一直纠缠着他,直到他去世,这使我们大家痛苦极了。
追求；寻求；不断努力以取得
to pursue pleasure/truth寻乐 /追求真理
40.People whose learning style is to try,experiment and find their way through hands-on experience,often find
that school life does not accommodate their learning style.
有些人的学习方式是尝试、实验或是通过实践经验来找办法，这些人常常发现学校生活不适应他们的
学习方式。
accommodate提供住宿
He will accommodate me with the use of his house, while he is abroad.
他在国外期间将把他的住宅供我使用。
容纳
One flat can accommodate a family of five.一套单元房可容纳一个五口之家。
使配合;适应新的情况
Wherever he goes, he readily accommodates to new circumstances.
不管到哪儿,他都能迅速适应新环境。
复习：
Others think that we learn language in the same way we learn other things,such as walking or solving problems,and that what we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt,not a language-specific part of the brain.还有人认为我们学习语言正如我们学习其他技能，例如走路、学习解决问题等，我们天生具有学习和适应的能力，而不是大脑中有学习语言的专门区域。
Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.
41.How you feel about the fact that she decline her parents’ offer?……婉拒……
decline vi 变小，变弱，衰退，衰落
Her influence declined after she lost the election.她落选后影响力降低了。
a decline birthrate逐渐下降的出生率
Do you think standards of morality have declined in recent years?你认为近年来道德标准下降了吗？
婉拒;谢绝[+to-v]
She declined their invitation.她婉拒了他们的邀请。
She declined to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn't feeling well.
她说她身体不舒服,婉拒了与她的朋友共进午餐。