英语说明文的写作
就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER(激光)”、“Computer Problem of Year (计算机问题)”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)”、“How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种：
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly， early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法，比如：
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length (长度)， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外)， most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field， is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的'手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
5.顺序法(sequence of time， space and process)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：
Coal
Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright， brittle (脆的)， black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代)， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations (几世纪后)， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法：
Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…
参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。
更多的相关英语作文推荐参考：
江西高考英语作文题目
20重庆高考英语作文题目
年高考英语作文模板：现象说明文
陶艺是一个艺术，今天，我们就打开了这扇艺术的大门，自己亲手制作陶瓷。
中国是陶瓷古国，说起陶瓷，外国人就会想到中国。陶艺是一种人工形态。陶瓷形态的基本材料是土、水、火。人只有掌握了水土揉合的可塑性，流变性，以及成型方法和烧结规律，才能促成陶艺形态的产生和演化，使陶瓷器物产生美的形式。同是注重造型与装饰的有机结合，通过人们敏锐的灵感和创新意识，捕捉并揭示泥土的塑性美、柔韧美以及表现活力，这样就出现了全新陶艺形态，为智慧的人所掌握、发展、创新。任何艺术发展到一定阶段，都会形成完整的技巧。
今天一早，我们就开车来到了运河广场的“陶一天”，一进去都是各式各样的精美的陶瓷，有杯子，有风铃，有“蛋糕”，还有很多可爱的挂件。我和弟弟找了一个位置坐了下来，一位老师让我们从窗台上挑选一个自己喜欢的陶瓷。我左看看右看看，眼睛都看花了。终于，我在窗子的一个角落发现了一个可爱的小兔子风铃。我把它拿了下来，爱不释手。我告诉老师我要做这个风铃，老师就拿来了一块陶泥，坐在我旁边，教我怎么做这个小兔子风铃。我先把一块陶泥拍成圆形，然后把两小块陶泥搓成比较粗的“棍子”，但老师却说我做的不好看。老师教我，首先搓成一个圆柱体，然后把其中一个长方形的面轻轻拍平，最后用工具掏出一个椭圆形，一个兔子耳朵就完成了。接下来，老师又教我怎么把耳朵贴到头上。第一步：把要粘贴的地方刮毛。第二步：把泥浆涂到刮毛的地方。第三步：使劲把耳朵和头贴起来。第四步：用手把多余的泥浆抹平，使耳朵和头连接在一起。在贴的时候一定要用劲，不然烧的时候会掉下来的。我用同样的方式把手和身体贴在一起。当我正要把身体和头贴在一起的时候，老师说：“不要贴在一起，拿去那边用吹风机吹干。”我一头雾水的把兔子拿去吹风，吹到一半时老师让我挖洞，我这才想起来我做的是风铃，就乖乖的开始“挖洞”。把身体挖穿，头只要挖一半就可以了。最后，只要把头和身子贴在一起就ok了。
下面，我就可以去上色了。“恩……画什么表情好呢？”我苦苦思考着。我想了好一会儿，才想出一副可爱的表情。我连忙画了上去，生怕自己等一会儿忘了。我给小兔子穿上了一件小衣服后把耳朵涂上白色的颜料，一只可爱的小兔兔就跳了出来。我用吹风机吹干，交给老师，老师用一根细棍子从头的正中心戳下去，这样就可以把铃铛穿过去了。
唔……还要等到下下个星期才能拿风铃呢，今天，我领悟了陶艺中的艺术，也知道做陶是很不容易的。
有关说明文写作指导
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等特征的文章。它是一种应用性很强的文体，说明的目的是让读者有所知，给读者提供知识，使之了解客观世界，掌握解决问题的方法。说明文的基本特点就是具有知识性、科学性、应用性、解说性和条理性。常见的说明文有：解说词、说明书、书文简介、内容提要、科普小品、生产工艺、操作规程和景物介绍等，常见说明方法有：定义、注释、举例、分类、比较、引用、比喻、描述、数字分析和综合等。说明文的'时态常用一般现在时，语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。对中学生而言，说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表、图示，文体则可见于短文、书信、便条、日记等。写说明文必须注意事实正确，表达清晰，条理清楚，层次分明，语言简练和用词准确。
说明文范文赏析
说明文是对事情的发生、发展、结果、特征、性质、状态、功能等进行解释、介绍、阐述的一种文体。这类文章的目的和性质是客观地介绍、解释事物，使读者获得知识和信息，并不需要发表主张、做出证明。一般说来，知识简介，商品介绍，旅游指南，科技读物，工作总结，实验报告，教材辅导等均属说明文之列。
写说明文，可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。
1.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
1) As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
2.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
1)逐点比较：多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
2) 整块比较
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no )○(one to share their sadness.
我吃过许多美食，有酥的，有软的，有甜的，也有辣的，可是，令我最喜爱的，还是那酥中带香，嫩中带些许臭味的榴莲酥了。
这种食物并不常见，它的外壳是金黄色的，就像一只金黄色的小船。它的内部是由一层层黄中带白的酥皮与软软的榴莲肉做成的馅，闻起来带着榴莲那种臭乳酪和洋葱混合的臭气，又有类似松节油的香味，轻轻地咬一口，一阵包含着榴莲甜美沁心的香味向你涌来，让你吃了还想吃，大有“榴莲”忘返之感。
榴莲酥的做法也很奇特，首先将面粉，蛋液和白糖，猪油混合，并加入适量的水，和成水油面团，再将面粉，猪油与黄油揉成油酥面团，然后将面团放入冰箱冷藏十分钟。接下来取适量水油面皮料在案板上压扁，擀成面皮，中间包上油酥，再次压扁擀成牛舌状并重复几次，将面皮擀成圆形并在中间包上榴莲肉，包成水饺一样的半圆即可。吃时再将它用油炸或烤成金黄色就可以了。
榴莲酥的吃法也很有趣，可以把它一层层打开，加上一点馅吃，也可以采用普通的吃法。有一次，我吃榴莲酥时，把里面的馅吃了，再吃它外面的皮时就没有什么味道了。
榴莲酥是一种十分有趣也是十分好吃的小吃，它的味道总是让人“榴莲”忘返，吃了还想吃。