下面就是小编给大家带来的16篇中考英语作文十大常见错误分析,希望大家喜欢阅读!
中考英语作文十大常见错误分析
1. 审题不清
如中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动,有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”,偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则,若文章内容不切题,则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确,都会被判为零分。
2.拼写错误
拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功,但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分,而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差,同时也直接影响内容的表达,通常会降低作文的档次。
3.名词单复数问题:
误 My father and my mother is all teacher.
正 My father and my mother are both teachers.
4.缺少动词
在汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的,但英语中每个完整的句子都必须有 动词来构成,如:“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语,而用形容词,但英语形容词不能作谓语,一定要写成:I'm tired.
误 I happy I can come to Beijing Zoo.
正 I am happy I can come to Beijing Zoo.
误 The apples cheap. I'll take some.
正 The apples are cheap. I'll take some.
5.缺少介词、冠词等
还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法,不了解中英文语言习惯的不同,也会出现明显的错误,造成丢分现象。
误 Because heavy rain we can't hold the sports meeting.
正 Because of the heavy rain we can't hold the sports meeting.
6.代词的误用
英语中代词的形式很多,包括主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词等。而汉语中没有主格和宾格、形容词性物主代词和名次性物主代词之分;此外汉语中很多时候不用物主代词,而英语中物主代词是不可省略的,代词的误用是考生最容易发生的错误。
误 I mother and I went to the shop to buy a present for I father.
正 My mother and I went to the shop to buy a present for my father.
7.句子不完整
有的.考生因为对句子结构认识模糊,所以出现只写半句的现象,这也是造成失分的原因之一。
误 Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college. For example, my friend in high school.
(这段文章的第二句话没有动词,他不能独立构成一个句子。这是一个非常常见的错误,修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。)
正 Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college, for example, my friend in high school.
8.前后不一致
所谓不一致,包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致、主谓不一致等.
例1. When one have knowledge, he can do what he want to do.
(人一旦有了知识,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致.
改为 When one has knowledge , he can do what he wants (to do)
9.时态、人称和数的搭配错误
汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化,而对英语来说,这些都至关重要。例:
误 When I get to the station the train leave.
正 When I got to the station the train had left.
10.综合性错误:
综合性错误是指单词的大小写和标点符号的错误等,以及形容词和副词的混淆、连词的误用等等。这些都是靠考生平时知识的积累,所以考生应该从平时练习出发,每天坚持写英语日记,多读适合自己英语水平的原版著作,提高自己的英语素养。
俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功,必须从平时的课堂学习一
点一滴抓起,持之以恒。
一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体,任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文
的质量。然而,很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意,或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数
、第三人称单数不加s,前后不一致,以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。
1.审题不清
如XX年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动,有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动
”,偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则,若文章内容不切题,则不管语言如何
规范、用词如何准确,都会被判为零分。
2.拼写错误
拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功,但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错
误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分,而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差,同时也直接影
响内容的表达,通常会降低作文的档次。
3.名词单复数问题:
误Myfatherandmymotherisallteacher.
正Myfatherandmymotherarebothteachers.
4.缺少动词
在汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的,但英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来构成,如:“我累了
。”这个句子没有动词作谓语,而用形容词,但英语形容词不能作谓语,一定要写成:I‘mtired.
误IhappyIcancometoBeijingZoo.
正IamhappyIcancometoBeijingZoo.
误Theapplescheap.I’lltakesome.
正Theapplesarecheap.I‘lltakesome.
5.缺少介词、冠词等
还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法,不了解中英文语言习惯的不同,也会出现明
显的错误,造成丢分现象。
误Becauseheavyrainwecan’tholdthesportsmeeting.
正Becauseoftheheavyrainwecan‘tholdthesportsmeeting.
6.代词的误用
英语中代词的形式很多,包括主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词等。而汉语中没有主格和宾格、形
容词性物主代词和名次性物主代词之分;此外汉语中很多时候不用物主代词,而英语中物主代词是不可
省略的,代词的误用是考生最容易发生的错误。
误ImotherandIwenttotheshoptobuyapresentforIfather.
正MymotherandIwenttotheshoptobuyapresentformyfather.
7.句子不完整
有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊,所以出现只写半句的现象,这也是造成失分的原因之一。
误Manystudentshaveahardtimepassingalltheteststogetintocollege.Forexample,myfriendinhig
hschool.
(这段文章的第二句话没有动词,他不能独立构成一个句子。这是一个非常常见的错误,修改的方
法是将两个句子连接起来。)
正Manystudentshaveahardtimepassingalltheteststogetintocollege,forexample,myfriendinhig
hschool.
8.前后不一致
所谓不一致,包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致、主谓不一致等.
例1.Whenonehaveknowledge,hecandowhathewanttodo.
(人一旦有了知识,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主
谓不一致.
改为Whenonehasknowledge,hecandowhathewants(todo)
9.时态、人称和数的搭配错误
汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化,而对英语来说,这些都至关重要。例:
误WhenIgettothestationthetrainleave.
正WhenIgottothestationthetrainhadleft.
10.综合性错误
综合性错误是指单词的大小写和标点符号的错误等,以及形容词和副词的混淆、连词的误用等等。
这些都是靠考生平时知识的积累,所以考生应该从平时练习出发,每天坚持写英语日记,多读适合自己
英语水平的原版著作,提高自己的英语素养。
maybe perhaps ?
这两个词的词意一样,maybe常用于非正式谈话,而perhaps则多用在正式文体中。如: Maybe/Perhaps the weather will get better. 而?Julius Caesar? is perhaps the greatest of Shakespeares early plays.?
mend ?
[误] I want to have my bike mended.?
[正] I want to have my bike repaired.?
[析] mend意为缝补,如: My mother mended my coat. 而repair是修理。?
mind ?
[误] Could you mind to close the door??
[正] Could you mind closing the door??
[误] Try to make up your mind studying hard.?
[正] Try to make up your mind to study hard.?
[析] mind用作动词时,其后加动名词;而用作名词意为下定决心时,其后要加不定式。 ?要注意Do you mind if I smoke?的答语: 如果你不介意,应回答No, go ahead.如果你不想让对方吸烟,则应讲Yes, please dont.?
miss ?
[误] I found my bag missed.?
[正] I found my bag missing.?
[析] missing为形容词,其意为不见了、丢了。在句中用作宾语补足语时不要误用missed,它作动词时多为及物动词,要接名词或动名词,而不接不定式。如: I missed the first train, I dont want to miss seeing the famous football player.?在作补足语讲某物不见了时有missing, gone, lost等,如: I found my bag missing (gone, lost).?
[关于中考英语常见错误]
英语作文常见错误分析
文章摘要:他的儿子也有点奇怪:小树长高了,可是自己长得却不如小树长得高了,这是为什么呢;有红,白,绿,紫,五光十色。中考英语作文十大常见错误分析还有那爬动的八只脚和那来回摇晃的大钳子。在这场战争中,许多医务人员都不幸被感染了,叶欣、邓练贤等医务人员更是为此而付出了生命,在这场战争中体现了作为一个医务人员应有的救死扶伤的精神;
一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体,任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而,很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意,或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s,前后不一致,以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。
1.审题不清
如中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动,有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”,偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则,若文章内容不切题,则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确,都会被判为零分。
2.拼写错误
拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功,但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分,而且有大量拼写错误存在的`作文不仅体现出语言基本功差,同时也直接影响内容的表达,通常会降低作文的档次。
3.名词单复数问题:
误Myfatherandmymotherisallteacher.
正Myfatherandmymotherarebothteachers.
4.缺少动词
在汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的,但英语中每个完整的句子都必须有动词来构成,如:“我累了。”这个句子没有动词作谓语,而用形容词,但英语形容词不能作谓语,一定要写成:I‘mtired.
误IhappyIcancometoBeijingZoo.
正IamhappyIcancometoBeijingZoo.
误Theapplescheap.I’lltakesome.
正Theapplesarecheap.I‘lltakesome.
5.缺少介词、冠词等
还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法,不了解中英文语言习惯的不同,也会出现明显的错误,造成丢分现象。
误Becauseheavyrainwecan’tholdthesportsmeeting.
正Becauseoftheheavyrainwecan‘tholdthesportsmeeting.
1、缺乏针对性
一份标准模版下做出来的简历适用于多种行业、多个职位的求职。没针对性,你自然入不得HR的法眼了。
2、求职简历出现明显错误
尤其是一些时间上的错误,比方说上十几年的大专,普通本科上五年或三年,还有两年和一年的,或者教育经历与工作经历完全重叠,或者算下来从11岁就开始工作经历的等等,这样的简历会马上被抛弃掉的
3、电话沟通一问三不知
或许是网络投简历太轻松了,投出的简历多得连自己应聘了什么都不知道。HR去电,丝毫不在状态,对自己投过的职位压根没印象,更谈不上对企业基本信息的了解。一问三不知,试问企业怎能相中你?
4、求职简历不完整
工作经验在招聘当中是很被HR看中的有的人写自己的工作经历时,不是前边丢掉几年就是近一两年的工作经历空白,让人对他顿生怀疑,也对他的求职态度和做事态度产生疑虑,再看下去的想法也没有了
5、求职简历表述过于简略
有一些人的求职简历相当的简单,工作经历只写到年,工作情况只写岗位名称,教育情况只写大专或大本,让人看到后了解的信息实在有限,那么也不会再进一步考虑了 。
6、未表达真实价值
花了数百字之多来描述自己曾经的学习背景和工作经历,甚至是参加过怎样的特殊培训,文笔流畅,颇富感情,感受真实,但就是让人看不懂这些经历的背后自己积累了多少宝贵经验和技能。当下的求职,会表达更要能总结,从你递交的简历和求职信里必须也应该让HR看到你的价值体现。而不单纯是你的文采。数据和总结说明往往更有杀伤力。
7、相片不合适
这简历配上一张相片可以加深HR对你的印象,而在配过相片的人群中,有近三分之一的相片很不合适。有的用Q版大头贴,可爱搞怪五花八门;有的是装嗔真人秀,骚首弄姿极尽妩媚;还有的是自拍狂,家里的窗帘、书桌、灯饰分别做背景统统发来当附件。HR不禁坦言:一份简历配上好的相片能加分,而一张不适时宜的大头贴很可能将你直接OUT.
8、邮件简历可能出现的问题
有的人提交求职简历时只写是应聘或个人简历,简历采用附件形式发送,这样的情况下如果简历很多,HR会把这样的求职简历放在最后,有时间才会浏览一下,时间紧就根本不会去理会了 ;用很怪异的邮箱名字发送求职简历 例如司机投递简历时名字是“没油了”或“迷路了”,年轻人投求职简历用什么“彻夜跳舞、狂欢”这类的文字,或者带脏字,等等,这样的标题和名字让人一看即不会想再去打开简历看看了 。
9、多岗多投
一个人发来N份同样的简历,从邮件标题中得知,原来此人既想做前台接待,又想当咨询顾问,还想进公司当助理。针对同一企业的不同职位投简,本想表现“我啥都能干,务必给个机会吧”,孰不知反被精明HR贴上了“恐怖分子”的标签。敢多岗多投,HR直接拉你进“恶意投递黑名单”。
10 求职信词汇描述缺乏量化表达和独创性。
在自我评价一栏,我们经常可以看到“活泼开朗、外向大方、勤奋努力”等词汇。千篇 一律的风格很容易让你的简历落入“不通知面试”的行列。在文中无法突出自己的个性,是这种简历最失败的关键。将你的成果和业绩进行量化是最有效的方式之一。简历更像数学问题,需要理性和逻辑的思维,思路清晰、重点突出、论据充分是好简历的几大特征,此时的论据就需要量化的表达了。当量化的论据丰富了,简历自然也会与众不同!
中考英语常见错误G之二
glad ?
[误] His parents were very glad for his success in business.?
[正] His parents were very glad of his success in business.?
[正] His parents were very glad to know his success in business.?
[析] “为……感到高兴”应是be glad of something或be glad to do something.?
glass ?
[误] The old teacher has two pair of big glass.?
[正] The old teacher has two pairs of big glasses.?
[析] glass作为“眼镜”讲,应用复数形式,在英语中手套gloves 裤子pants,剪刀scissors均用复数形式。glass作“玻璃杯”讲时则可用单数形式或复数形式,如:I want two glasses of milk. 而作为物质名词“玻璃”讲则要用作不可数名词,如:The boy broke two panes of glass.?
go ?
[误] -Mary, could you come to my home now??-Yes, I'm going. ?
[正] -Mary, could you come to my home now??
-Yes, I'm coming. ?
[析] go是指离开说话人所在地,而come指的是朝向说话人的方向:如:Come here!Can I come and help you?但在口语中也有一些例外,如表示要参加到某人或者某件活动时常用come, 如:We are going to have a party tonight. Would you like to come with us??
gone been?
He has gone to Shanghai. 指此人已去上海不在此地了。?
He has been to Shanghai. 指此人去过上海现已回来了。
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中考英语常见错误G之三
gold?
[误] She brushed her gold hair carefully.?
[正] She brushed her golden hair carefully.?
[析] gold作形容词指“金质的'”,如:a gold ring, a gold coin,而golden是“金色的”,如:golden age(金色的时代),但“金鱼”例外,为gold fish。
good ?
[误] I've been waiting for good twenty minutes.?
[正] I've been waiting for a good twenty minutes.?
[析] a good之意为“足足”、“整整”之意。?
good well ?
He is good. 应译为“他是个好人。”而He is well. 应译为“他身体不错。”I feel good. 即精神状态良好,而I feel well.即身体状况不错。?
[误] This food is very good to you.?
[正] This food is very good for you.?
[析] be good for是“对……有利、有好处”,而be good to是指“对待某人不错”,如:Your friend is very good to me.?
grade?
[误] -What grade are you in??-I'm in grade 1. ?
[正] -What grade are you in??-I'm in Gread 1. ?
[析] 当泛指那一年级时grade的头一个字母小写,当有具体数字时则要大写。
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[误] Please bring this dictionary to Mr Brown.?
[正] Please take this dictionary to Mr Brown.?
[误] Next time, please take your little sister here.?
[正] Next time, please bring your little sister here.?
[析] 英语中bring是带来,而take是带走。还有一个词fetch, 表示到某处去把某物取、接回来。如:Please fetch the doctor at once.?
business ?
[误] My father went to Shanghai for business.?
[正] My father went to Shanghai on business.?
[析] on business出差?
busy ?
[误] The students were very busy to prepare for the exam.?
[正] The students were very busy preparing for the exam.?
[析] be busy doing something为忙于作某事?
[误] The students were busy for the exam.?
[正] The students were busy with the exam.?
[析] busy直接接名词时应用with.?
but ?
[误] He couldnt help but realizing that he was wrong.?
[正] He couldnt help but realize that he was wrong.?
[误] She couldnt help to cry when she saw her mother.?
[正] She couldnt help crying when she saw her mother.?
[中考英语常见错误题]
中考英语常见错误F之三
first ?
[误] Is this your firstly visit to Beijing??
[正] Is this your first visit to Beijing??
[析] 除了在强调第一、第二、第三等场合中有时还可见firstly一词外,这个词已不多见,而均被first取代。first还有“首先”、“首次”、“第一次”之意。
follow ?
[误] I received a letter which ran as follow.?
[正] I received a letter which ran as follows.?
[析] as follows是惯用法,其意为“如下”,不论在任何场合均要用follows.?
[误] As follows are his arguments.?
[正] The following are his arguments.?
[析] as follows主要用于句尾,而the following则用于句首。?
food ?
[误] Too much sweet food, such as cakes, chocolates,pastry…may increase your weight.?
[正] Too many foods, such as cakes, chocolates,pastry…may increase your weight.
[析] food泛指食物时为不可数名词,如:There is no food for supper. 而指一种种食物时则用作可数名词。?
foot?
[误] There is a five?feet?wide bridge.?
[正] There is a five?foot?wide bridge.?
[析] 用连字符组成的形容词中所有名词均要用单数形式。?
[误] We went to college on feet.?
[正] We went to college on foot.?
[析] by后面加接交通工具时,不应加任何冠词,不要用名词的`复数形式。如加了某些修饰词后,其前面的介词要作适当的改变,如:I came to school in his car yesterday. I go to shool on a train.?
for ?
[误] I wanted to go to the pub for having a drink.?
[正] I wanted to go to the pub for a drink.?
[正] I wanted to go to the pub to have a drink.?
[析] 用for表示目的时,其后面只能接名词,而不要接动名词。?
[误] I went to the office for seeing the headmaster.?
[正] I went to the office to see the headmaster.?
[析] 用不定式来表示动作的目的。?
[误] I will leave Beijing to Shanghai.?
[正] I will leave Beijing for Shanghai.?
[正] I will leave for Shanghai.?
[析] leave for为一固定搭配,不要改动。?
[误] I bought a book to you.?
[正] I bought a book for you.?
[误] He is a friend for us.?
[正] He is a friend to us.?
[析] 在英文中“为”一词在泛指时用to, 在特指时要用for.?
[误] This food is good to us.?
[正] This food is good for us.?
[析] 词组be good (bad) for 表示“对……有好(坏)处”。?
[误] For I was feeling quite hungry, I wanted to have lunch.?
[正] I wanted to have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.?
[析] for作为“因为”讲时一般不要置于句首,而且口气也比because弱的多。
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考研英语作文常见错误分析
【摘要】在英文写作过程中,学生们常常误入歧途却自己不能察觉。一些常见的写作错误会出现在大部分考生的试卷上。比如审题不清,经常出现偏题或跑题;习惯汉语思维,逐字翻译;用词搭配不当,张冠李戴;词不达意,拼写错误严重;等等。具体来说,常见的错误主要有这些:
一、指代方面的错误
在使用代词it,he,this,that,which,one等时,前文中应出现明确的先行词。
如:Since we cannot know what particular bit of knowledge a child will need in the future,it is senseless to force him to learn it.,这句话中,him和it这两个代词都有明确的先行词,分别是a child和knowledge,因此句子的含义非常清楚。
可是,不少学生在使用这些代词时,虽然自己很清楚它们指代的是什么,但在作文中却没有交代清楚,结果这些代词非但没有使行文简洁,反而造成了意思上的模糊,让阅卷老师不知所云。
误:Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden they have to bear.
正:Sometimes the teacher will inform students of the heavy burden he has to bear.
【说明】句1中的they既可指教师,也可指学生,属指代不清的。可以把它们中的任意一个改成单数名词。因为单数名词也可以泛指一类。
二、修饰方面的错误
修饰语应紧靠被修饰的成分,并和它形成正确的逻辑关系。如果修饰语的位置不妥当,就会造出模棱两可的病句。
误:To keep the air clean, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside.
正:To keep the air clean, we must move the factories to the countryside if they give off poisonous gases.
【说明】句1要表达的是把有害气体排放到农村,还是把工厂迁到农村去?显然修饰语to the countryside的位置放错了。如句2改变一下结构,就能清楚地表达要表达的意思了。
三、一致方面的错误
在一个句子内部或紧邻的两三个句子之间,要保持时态、人称、数等的一致。
误:Whether one enjoys or resents advertisements, we are actually bombarded with it every hour of the day.
正:Whether we enjoy or resent advertisements, we are actually bombarded with them every hour of the day.
【说明】代词应与所指代的先行词保持人称和数上的一致。句1也可改成Whether one enjoys or resents the advertisement, he is actually bombarded with it every hour of the day.
四、平行结构方面的错误
这里专指语态、比较级、非谓语形式、冠词用法、可数名词和不可数名词、不定代词单复数以及时态等错误。
1、误:Narrow streets easily cause to happen many traffic accidents.
正:narrow streets easily cause many traffic accidents. (to happen)
误:A great change has been taken place since then.
正:A great change has taken place since then.
误:But it may occur some new problems.
正:But some new problems may occur/arise.
误:Opportunities are only belonged to those who work hard.
正:Opportunities only belong to those who work hard.
【说明】happen,take place,occur,arise等动词和动词词组一般既不能用作被动结构,也不能作为及物动词带宾语的。但学生作文中类似的错误较多:Our country has taken place a great change in many fields.
2、误:The pace of our modern life is getting more faster and faster.
正:The pace of our modern life is getting faster and faster.
误:Electricity is the most important power in our daily life than other kinds of power.
正:Electricity is the most important power in our daily life.
误:Thus our city will be greatly beautiful than it is now.
正:Thus our city will be far more beautiful than it is now.
【说明】这些都是在使用比较形式时出现的错误。尤其是第1例较普遍。如more easier,more stronger等。
五、断句方面的错误
一句句子没有结束,又开始新的一句,结果造成句子结构不全,这就成为断句。
误:TV becomes an important part in our daily life. Because we cannot live without it.
正:TV becomes an important part in our daily life,because we cannot live without it.
【说明】以because,since,if等引导的从句是不能独立成句的,只能依属于主句,所以不能写成另一句。
六、连词方面的错误
作文中缺少必要的`连词,或错用连词的现象也比较普遍。
误:One should improve his English,one should overcome difficulties in studies.
正:If one wants to improve his English,he should overcome difficulties in studies.
【说明】学生在写作中往往意识不到连词的重要,不善于使用连词和连接副词来明确标示出因果关系、转折关系、递进关系等。
七、搭配方面的错误
学生作文中用词搭配方面的错误也占有较大比例。曾经在一次六级作文阅卷中,近千篇作文在表达上海交通越来越拥挤这个意思时,几乎没有一篇用 heavier,大多数人用的是The traffic in Shanghai is getting more and more crowded,而traffic是不能与crowded搭配的。
1、误:However the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.
正:However the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle.
【说明】speed只能和high,low,good,top,normal,fantastic,moderate,surprising等搭配,不能与fast,quick,slow搭配。但可以这样说A car is much faster in speed than a bicycle.
2、误:In the past the price of milk was so expensive that most families could not afford it.
正:In the past the price of milk was so high that most families couldnt afford it.
【说明】price只和high,low,inflated,moderate,minimum,original,popular,prevailing,published,reduced,reasonable等搭配,不能与expensive,cheap搭配,但可以说In the past,milk was so expensive that most families couldnt afford it.
由此可见,要提高对词语搭配的驾驭能力,除了要在平时的阅读过程中多积累,还需要克服中文中诸如速度快、价格贵、学习知识、人减少等搭配的影响,避免写出look book或see book这样的笑话来。
八、误用方面
学生作文中对词语的误用也相当普遍,误用词语不仅不能准确地表达作者的意思,而且也会闹出笑话。
1、误:With the industrious development,there is a great need for different kinds of energy.
正:With the industrial development,there is a great need for different kinds of energy.
2、误:Most big cities are plagued by traffic jams which effect our daily life.
正:Most big cities are plagued by traffic jams which affect our daily life.
【说明】以上错句都是因为对形容词的辨析不清而造成的。Industrious是勤劳的,工业上的应为industrial。effect一般用作名词,其动词形式表示产生、实现,而这里的意思是影响,应换成affect。
英语写作常见错误与分析
如何写好四六级英语作文英语写作常见错误与分析下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析. 一. 不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等.例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.改为: Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末. 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的.词语,不能独立成句.改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. 四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了.改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died.例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.例1. None can negative the importance of money.剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。改为:None can deny the importance of money. 六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid应试的错误分为:
第一类:文章结构错误:
1. 内容不能紧扣主题,未涵盖提示要点。在考试中,有的考生会出现跑题、文不对题、或者以偏概全的现象。准确作文的思维应是:1、审题;2、思考简单的分支观点。
对于审题,近年四、六级题目大多是给出提纲,可以直接把提纲变为中心句,这些中心句就是每段的开头句。后面接入标志逻辑的词汇,如first...;second...;third...;等分支观点。审题就是考虑文章的合理结构,中心句是什么。
关于思考分支观点,作文考查目标不只是考生的思维水平或逻辑分析能力,更是考核语言表达能力。建议措施: 简化自己的思维和分析。也就是,如何降低自己的思维水平,来迎合自己有限的语言状况。考试改革后表格图片类题目增多,要注重从题目中找趋势、找结论,不能将自己的观点局限于图片表格的细节。
思想表达要具体。譬如有考生喜欢写:environment protection is important. 就完了。其实更重要的是写清楚“为什么?”实在想不出、找不到要写什么内容。给大家的建议是:第一:问自己wh问题,即:why? how? what? 再随着思路去回答就可以了;第二: 可以将自己设置在问题的中心,再扩大思路向外写。例如: “who is more important for children’s education?” 可以先写父母、家庭对孩子教育的影响;其次再扩大范围写老师、学校的影响;再进一步扩大范围写朋友、社会的影响;甚至可以更大范围地写整个国家、世界的影响等。第三:比较简单的搜寻思想的做法是:随意列举有关题目的诸多观点,再分类从简入难分类写到不同段落中去。
2. 死记硬背范文,生硬地套用题目。当然,背诵是语言学习的基础。但是关键在于,应试时间紧迫时,广大考生可能背不下来。有些同学背了些文章,却生搬硬套,文不对题。建议背范文时一、主要看看文章结构;二、熟悉适合自己观点的语句。遇到类似的题目就可以运用自如了。
3. 文章结构散乱,不清晰。大致讲来,四、六级英语作文的结构大多可以套用:中心句+1、2、3的模式。一般来说,作文要有开头、主体、结论三部分。确保主体段落有明确的中心思想句,后面的扩展层次清楚。可把提纲变为中心句,体现在每段的段首,后面接分支观点。1、2、3就是每段里的分支观点或分述。简单无误是第一原则。
4. 缺乏逻辑性。是否恰当地使用过渡性词语。做到起、承、转、合,有头有尾。很多考生在英语写作的过程中,表现出段落、语句逻辑性衔接差;论点武断,缺乏论证;只给结论,缺乏论点的细节解释及详细描述等。
5. 中式思维。中国学生学习英语摆脱不了汉语思维,通常套用汉语的结构及句式,往往是先拟好中文草稿,然后再译成英文。结果文章中出现许多chinglish,例如:“有很多人赞同此观点。” 同学会写成“there are many people agreeing on the viewpoint.”显然受了汉语的影响。其实写成: “many people agree on the viewpoint”就可以了。 要想少些一点中式英文,就要多积累完整语句甚至段落表达,至少使用习惯句型和固定搭配,尽量避免逐字对译。
第二类:语言结构错误:
学会使用不同形式的句子,注意句子的长短结合,无重大语病,无逻辑错误。注意语法规则和固定搭配,减少语言错误。 许多考生在写作过程中,出于有限的词汇水平和语言表达能力,得到的只是些杂乱无序的字、词、句,无法将其连接成一篇结构完整、逻辑性强又符合英文阅读习惯的文章。
请尽量避免简单但严重的错误,因为这些错误的出现就标志着语言的基本素养是否到位。错误举例如:无法保持时态在全文的一致,往往是紧接的两句,在没有任何时间状语时出现了时态的不一致;一般现在时第三人称单数问题;情态动词之后动词不用原形等;还包括冠词错误、名词和动词单复数错误、代词不一致、词性错误以及句子主谓不完整;句型中“there be”的误用比较严重等。
希望广大考生在复习时避免此类错误,争取用最地道、最准确的表达完成作文。
一. 不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等.
例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has ;同理,want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.
改为: Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英语与汉语不同,同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置,句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视,因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析:better位置不当,应置于句末.
三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.
例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析:本句后半部分"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些不连贯的词语,不能独立成句.
改为:There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中"at the age of ten"只点出十岁时,但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了.
改为:
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析:句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.
改为:
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等.
例1. None can negative the importance of money.
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。
改为:
None can deny the importance of money.
六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:
We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
改为:
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或:
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside
world
八. 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲,斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍”,“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。
改为:
The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九. 累赘(Redundancy)
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。如:
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.
例1. For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。
改为:
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十. 不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。
改为:
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一. 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)
所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述十种错误以外,还有诸如时态,语态,标点符号,大小写等方面的错误。
[误] Please bring this dictionary to Mr Brown.?
[正] Please take this dictionary to Mr Brown.?
[误] Next time, please take your little sister here.?
[正] Next time, please bring your little sister here.?
[析] 英语中bring是带来,而take是带走.还有一个词fetch, 表示到某处去把某物取、接回来.如:Please fetch the doctor at once.?business ?
[误] My father went to Shanghai for business.?
[正] My father went to Shanghai on business.?
[析] on business出差?busy ?
[误] The students were very busy to prepare for the exam.?
[正] The students were very busy preparing for the exam.?
[析] be busy doing something为忙于作某事?
[误] The students were busy for the exam.?
[正] The students were busy with the exam.?
[析] busy直接接名词时应用with.?but ?
[误] He couldnt help but realizing that he was wrong.?
[正] He couldnt help but realize that he was wrong.?
[误] She couldnt help to cry when she saw her mother.?
[正] She couldnt help crying when she saw her mother.?
[析] couldnt help其后应接动名词,表示情不自禁的动作,但couldnt help but后面要加动词原形即省to的不定式,所以前一句应译为他才真正认识到他错了。
[中考英语常见错误B系列]
中国人学英语总是受到汉语的干扰。英语写作是语法概念、词汇知识、修辞手法等交流手段的综合运用。缺乏对英语习惯表达法的了解及缺少写作技巧的基本训练,英语写作中就会出现各种错误。下面笔者将学生作文中最普遍的错误作一归类整理,以便对症下药,排除干扰,用地道的英语表达自己的观点。
一、结构错误
1. There be 句型拖泥带水。如:
There is an old sentence says “Practice makes perfect.”
学生作文中常爱引用一句谚语或格言来开头,于是在There be句型后紧跟着又出现了一个谓语动词。实际上,要表示“常言道”英语中有现成的说法,如:“As the saying goes”,“As a proverb has it”等。还有些学生的作文开头就是“There has different ideas about...”,连基本的“There be”句型也被改造了。
2. 误用平行结构。所谓平行结构,或对称结构(Parallelism),是指用相同的语法结构表示几个意思上密切相关内容的修辞手法。这一修辞手法极其有用,使用得当,可使句子结构紧凑,对称协调,语意鲜明,逻辑性强。但是,许多学生由于对这种修辞手法知之甚少,对其对称照应的特点掌握不好,常常写出一些结构不均衡,文意欠通顺,逻辑混乱的句子。如:
My summer's work proved not only interesting but I also learned much from it.
She has fallen in love with him not because he is handsome but that he is diligent.
3. 出现“悬垂结构”。在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。如:
Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.
(1)悬垂分词
误: Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正: It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.
正: As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.
(2)悬垂不定式
误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.
正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.
(3)悬垂简式从句
误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.
二、意义错误
英语句子的意义错误产生于用词不当,用词不当又产生于不懂词义或片面理解,根子是完全依赖中文字面释义,不顾词性内涵、前后搭配等而张冠李戴。
1. 词性误用。
We all know that fail is the mother of succeed. (fail的名词形式为failure; succeed的名词形式为success)
Make our cities greener is important. Plant trees and flowers is the best measure to obtain the goal.(应改用动名词短语作主语Making...和Planting...)
People can through the Internet to get information. (错把介词through当动词用。宜改为:People can get information through the Internet.)
2. 词语赘用。
词语赘用就是在文章中使用了多余的字(useless words)、或用了大词(big words),雅词(elegant words),形成了废话(dead word),使文章组织不严密,内容模糊不清。如:
Before we began to carry out the open-policy, my home town was a poor, backward, shabby, ugly and undeveloped place. 此句过多地使用了一些带有贬义的形容词,如此描述,使人不能不感到作者似乎对自己的家乡眷恋不足,厌倦有余。为何出现这种词语多余的现象呢?
(1)(语言)心理负担过重。写作时,惟恐所表达的意思不完整,语言不完美,于是就接二连三地使用一些意思相同或相近的词语,结果破坏了句子的简洁性。我们在写作实践中务必用词准确、简练,使所表达的内容清楚明白。
(2)受汉语影响。在汉语写作中,人们经常使用“修饰语+中心词”这一公式,如:“残酷剥削”、“野蛮侵略”。受这种汉语措辞的影响,不少学生写出的英语就显得简练不足。
3. 词语搭配不当。
何为搭配?语言学家JR.Firth(1957)将搭配定义为词汇间的相互关联(You shall know a word by the company it keeps.)。Halliday&Cowie都强调搭配是词语的“共现”。需指出的是词汇之间的搭配基本上是约定俗成的,没有什么道理可讲。英语中的习惯搭配范围很广,种类很多。常见的有:(1)名词和动词的搭配:英语中有些名词常常与某些动词搭配使用。例如:“获得胜利”为win the victory,而“获得知识”则是acquire knowledge。又如:表示“在字典中查单词”,我们可说look up a word in the dictionary,但表示“查字典”却不能说look up a dictionary,而应说refer to a dictionary或consult a dictionary ; (2)形容词和名词的搭配:英语中形容词和名词搭配的现象也很普遍。例如:形容女子美丽,我们常用beautiful或pretty,但形容男子漂亮时,我们则须用handsome或smart。又如:strong和powerful为同义词,我们只能说strong tea和 a powerful car;反之,则不能被接受; (3)动词和副词的习惯搭配:英语中动词和副词的习惯搭配也比比皆是。例如:要表示“笑逐颜开”,一般说smile broadly而不说smile widely,同样,要表示“他大量地出汗”时,可以说:He sweated profusely, 而要表示“他大量地引用本书”时,则须说He drew heavily on the book; (4)介词的一些习惯搭配:英语中有些动词或形容词后、名词前要呼应不同的介词,形成习惯搭配。例如:可以说:Somebody is familiar with something。
三、表达方式错误
懂得了语法,掌握了语义,写起文章来还有表达方式对不对、好不好的问题,在这方面,汉语同样会干扰英语。有的学生的文章生硬晦涩,读起来好象骨鲠在喉,吞不下去,这多半是由于打不破汉语的牢笼。My English base is still very poor. (宜改为:I’m poor at English. / My English is poor.)
Last year an extremely big flood which happen once in scores of years took place in many parts of our country. (宜改为:Last year many parts of China were visited by the worst flood in scores of years.)
This year my listening skills have made much progress.(宜改为:I have made great progress in my listening this year.)
建议:
1. 学习英语受到汉语干扰是必然的,不应埋怨而应努力减少干扰,排除干扰。教师在教学过程中要注意发现这方面的问题,并采取积极有效的措施,满腔热忱地帮助指导学生克服母语干扰的障碍。不妨有针对性地向学生介绍一些基本的翻译知识,引导他们自觉地走出“牛角尖”。
2. 从学生角度看,要在学习过程中不断注意纠正自己在运用英语时依赖汉语的不良习惯。如:学习词汇时,不要简单地和词典上的汉语释义一一对应。词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体,词又是语句的基本结构单位(陆国强1986)。了解一个词(knowing a word)就要学习它的意义(包括上下文意义和意义关系);词的使用(包括修辞和习语、固定搭配、文体和语意);词的信息(包括词性,前缀和后缀,拼写和发音);这个词的语法(包括名词的可数不可数;动词互补,词组动词;形容词、副词的位置等)。(Harmer,1990)
语言这东西,不下苦功难学好。英语写作没有什么“秘诀”可言,我们必须加强阅读,并在阅读时留心观察,细心模仿。词汇、句型和表达方式见得多了也就熟了,使用时也会信手拈来。Practice makes perfect的道理用在语言学习中似乎是更适用的。只要处处留心,打开思路,就能在实践中一步步克服Chinglish倾向,使自己的英语日益趋于地道、纯正。 (全文完)
(文/张树勇; 英语辅导报)